Identyfikatory
Warianty tytułu
Potencjał Inicjatywy Trójmorza w zakresie dywersyfikacji dostaw gazu ziemnego versus polityka zagraniczna Federacji Rosyjskiej – podejście geopolityczne
Języki publikacji
Abstrakty
The aim of the article is to determine potential strategic directions of development of the Three Seas initiative so as to ensure that it becomes an effective geopolitical system capable of the diversification of current natural gas sourcing towards non-Russian sources. The Russian Federation bases its geostrategic approach to foreign policy on controlling geopolitical pivots, and endeavors to regain lost influence spheres due to the collapse of the Soviet Union. As a monopolist in terms of natural gas supply to Central-East European countries, the Russian Federation has strengthened its position by having reach a set of geostrategic goals within the years of 2008-2018. The threat of using natural gas supply shortage as an instrument of foreign policy is one of the biggest challenge for Central-East European countries. The Three Seas Initiative is a popular international policy concept in Central-East Europe. However, its capabilities in terms of diversification of natural gas supply are limited because of the control of geopolitical pivots by the Russian Federation. The article indicates a set of challenges for diverting current natural gas supply, and proposes a set of strategic directions for developing the Three Seas Initiative.
Celem artykułu jest określenie strategicznych kierunków rozwoju Inicjatywy Trójmorza jako efektywnego systemu geopolitycznego, zdolnego do dywersyfikacji dostaw gazu ziemnego z nierosyjskich źródeł. Federacja Rosyjska opiera swoje podejście geostrategiczne w polityce zagranicznej na kontrolowaniu sworzni geopolitycznych. Federacja Rosyjska dąży do odzyskania kontroli nad utraconymi strefami wpływów w wyniku upadku Związku Radzieckiego. Jako monopolista w zakresie dostaw gazu ziemnego do Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej, Federacja Rosyjska wzmocniła swoją pozycję przez osiągnięcie zespołu geostrategicznych celów w latach 2008-2018. Zagrożenie użycia podaży gazu ziemnego jako instrumentu polityki zagranicznej jest jednym z największych wyzwań dla Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej. Inicjatywa Trójmorza jest jedną z najpopularniejszych koncepcji polityki międzynarodowej w Europie Środkowo-Wschodniej. Jednakże, jej potencjał w zakresie dywersyfikacji dostaw gazu ziemnego jest ograniczony z powodu przejmowania kontroli nad sworzniami geopolitycznymi przez Federację Rosyjską. Artykuł wskazuje zarówno zespół wyzwań dywersyfikacji dostaw gazu ziemnego, jak i strategiczne kierunku rozwoju Inicjatywy Trójmorza.
Rocznik
Strony
501--512
Opis fizyczny
Bibliogr. 36 poz.
Twórcy
autor
- Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wroclaw, Poland
Bibliografia
- 1. Natural gas production in Russia from 1998 to 2019, [online]. Statista.com. Available at: https://www.statista.com/statistics/703612/natural-gas-production-russia/ [Accessed: 27 February 2019].
- 2. Russia: Natural gas revenue, [online]. TheGlobalEceonomy.com. Available at: https://www.theglobaleconomy.com/Russia/Natural_gas_revenue/ [Accessed: 27 February 2019].
- 3. Dediu D, Czajkowski M, Janiszewska-Kiewra E. How did the European natural gas market evolve in 2018?, [online]. McKinsey & Company. Available at: https://www.mckinseyenergyinsights.com/insights/the-2017-european-gas-market-in-10-charts/ [Accessed: 27 February 2019].
- 4. Kardaś S, Kłysiński K. The story that never ends. A new stage in the energy dispute between Russia and Belarus. Centre for Eastern Studies. 2017;242.
- 5. Leppiman A. Gas Market in Estiona, [online]. Available at: http://www.esmaja.lv/sites/default/files/6_a_leppiman.pdf [Accessed: 27 February 2019].
- 6. Bikovs A, Bruge I, Spruds A. Russia’s influence and presence in Latvia, [online]. Available at: http://europeanreform.org/files/ND-RussianInfluenceInLatvia-preview%28low-res%29.pdf [Accessed: 27 February 2019].
- 7. Lihuto K. The eceonomic relations between Lithuania and Russia. 2018. DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.21885.26086, [online]. Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/323358400_The_economic_relations_between_Lithuania_and_Russia [Accessed: 27 February 2019].
- 8. U.S. Commercial Service. Poland: Natural gas market, [online]. Available at: https://build.export.gov/build/idcplg?IdcService=DOWNLOAD_PUBLIC_FILE&RevisionSelectionMethod=Latest&dDocName=eg_us_tx_118229 [Accessed: 27 February 2019].
- 9. Kholod N, Evans M, Denysenko A, Roshchanka V. Improving Ukraine’s Energy Security: the Role of Energy Efficiency. 2018. DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.35663.12965, [online]. Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/328837368_Improving_Ukraine’s_Energy_Security_the_Role_of_Energy_Efficiency [Accessed: 27 February 2019].
- 10. Bartosiak J. Rzeczpospolita między lądem a morzem. O wojnie i pokoju. Warszawa: Zona Zero; 2018.
- 11. Jean C. Geopolityka. Wrocław: Ossolineum; 2003.
- 12. Klin T. Geopolityka w okresie II Wojny Światowej. In: Dybczyński A (ed.). Geopolityka. Warszawa: Poltext; 2013.
- 13. Three Seas Initiative webpage, [online]. Available at: http://three-seas.eu/ [Accessed: 27 February 2019].
- 14. The Joint Statement on The Three Seas Initiative (The Dubrovnik Statement), [online]. Three Seas Initiative webpage. Available at: http://three-seas.eu/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/DUBROVNIK.pdf [Accessed: 27 February 2019].
- 15. Żurawski vel Grajewski P, Baeva Motusic A. Adriatic–Baltic–Black Sea. Visions of cooporation. Warsaw: Institute for Eastern Studies; 2017, [online]. Forum Ekonomiczne webpage. Available at: http://www.forum-ekonomiczne.pl/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/Adriatyk-Ba%C5%82tyk-MorzeCzarne16x24_2017en_PDF.pdf [Accessed: 27 February 2019].
- 16. The Three Seas Initiative Summit: European Commission Investments in Connectivity Projects. Bucharest, Romania, 17-18 September 2018, [online]. European Comission webpage. Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/commission/sites/beta-political/files/the_three_seas_initiative_summit_en.pdf [Accessed: 27 February 2019].
- 17. The Eastern Partnership, [online]. European Union Neigbours webpage. Available at: https://www.euneighbours.eu/en/policy/eastern-partnership [Accessed: 27 February 2019].
- 18. 2017 Eastern Partnership Summit: Stronger together, [online]. European Comission webpage. Available at: http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-17-4845_en.htm [Accessed: 27 February 2019].
- 19. Hedenskog J, Holmquist E, Norberg J. Security in the Caucasus. Russian Policy and military posture, [online]. Available at: https://www.foi.se/report-search/pdf?fileName=D%3A%5CReportSearch%5CFiles%5Cf3af1b94-064b-47f7-a31d-782db00dc2b5.pdf [Accessed: 27 February 2019].
- 20. Zawsztot K. Russia in the South Caucasus: Conflict Management and Busines with Olgiarchs. PISM. 2015;76(808).
- 21. Toucas A. The Geostrategic Importance of the Black Sea Region: A Brief History, [online]. CSIS Center for Strategic & International Studies. Available at: https://www.csis.org/analysis/geostrategic-importance-black-sea-region-brief-history [Accessed: 27 February 2019].
- 22. Russia and the Separatist in Eastern Ukraine, [online]. International Crisis Group. Available at: https://www.refworld.org/pdfid/56b843194.pdf [Accessed: 27 February 2019].
- 23. Jarosiewicz A, Strachota K. China vs. Central Asia. The Achievements of Past Two Decades. Warszawa: Ośrodek Studiów Wschodnich im. Marka Karpia / Centre for Eastern Studies; 2013, [online]. Available at: https://www.osw.waw.pl/sites/default/files/prace_45_cina_vs_asia_ang-net.pdf [Accessed: 27 February 2019].
- 24. Dutkiewicz P, Kozhanov N. Civil War in Syria and the Evolution of Russian–Iranian Relations, [online]. Available at: http://epc.ae/sites/default/files/2016-09/Reserach%20Paper--Civil%20War%20in%20 Syria_0.pdf [Accessed: 27 February 2019].
- 25. Kiourktsoglou G, Coutroubis A. ISIS Export Gateway to Global Crude Oil Markets, [online]. Available at: http://www.marsecreview.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/PAPER-on-CRUDE-OIL-and-ISIS. pdf [Accessed: 27 February 2019].
- 26. Henry E. The Sukhoi Su-24 Incident between Russia and Turkey. Russian Law Journal. 2016 4(1):825. DOI: 10.17589/2309-8678-2016-4-1-8-25, [online]. Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/301660301_The_Sukhoi_Su-24_Incident_between_Russia_and_Turkey [Accessed: 27 February 2019].
- 27. Graphic video shows Russian ambassador shot, [online]. CNN webpage. Available at: https://edition.cnn.com/videos/world/2016/12/19/russian-ambassador-turkey-assassinated-graphic-ath.cnn [Accessed: 27 February 2019].
- 28. Rodkiewicz W. Russia Middle Eastern Policy. Regional Ambitions, Global Objectives. Warszawa: Ośrodek Studiów Wschodnich im. Marka Karpia / Centre for Eastern Studies; 2017, [online]. Available at: https://www.osw.waw.pl/sites/default/files/studies_71_russias_middle_eastern_policy_net.pdf [Accessed: 27 February 2019].
- 29. Włodkowska-Bagan A. Syria in Russia’s Foreign Policy in the 21st Century. Teka Kom. Politol. Stos. Międzynar. – OL PAN. 2017;12/1:27–40, [online]. Available at: http://cejsh.icm.edu.pl/cejsh/element/bwmeta1.element.ojs-doi-10_17951_teka_2017_12_1_27/c/7844-5602.pdf [Accessed: 27 February 2019].
- 30. Borshchevskaya A, Ghadar H. How to Read Lebanon’s Acceptance of Russian Military Aid, [online]. Available at: https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/pdf/how-to-read-lebanons-acceptance-of-russian-military-aid [Accessed: 27 February 2019].
- 31. Buteyn S. The Mineral Industr of North Korea, [online]. Available at: https://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/country/2015/myb3-2015-kn.pdf [Accessed: 27 February 2019].
- 32. Henderson J, Mitrova T. Energy Relations between Russia and China: Playing Chess with the Dragon. Oxford: Oxford Institute for Energy Studies; 2016, [online]. Available at: https://www.oxfordenergy.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Energy-Relations-between-Russia-and-China-PlayingChess-with-the-Dragon-WPM-67.pdf [Accessed: 27 February 2019].
- 33. Brzeziński Z. Wielka Szachownica. Warszawa: Politeja; 1999.
- 34. Sykulski L. Geopolityka a bezpieczeństwo Polski. Warszawa: Zona Zero; 2018.
- 35. Chyong C, Noel P, Reiner D. The Economics of the Nord Stream Pipeline System, [online]. Available at: https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/bitstream/handle/1810/242076/cwpe1051.pdf [Accessed: 27 February 2019].
- 36. Eastring Pipeline Connecting Markets, [online]. Eastring Project webpage. Available at: https://www.eastring.eu/downloads/eastring_booklet_2018_new.pdf [Accessed: 27 February 2019].
Typ dokumentu
Bibliografia
Identyfikator YADDA
bwmeta1.element.baztech-9e2f343c-5803-4061-85da-8fed830b57b7