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Modelowanie matematyczne rozprzestrzeniania się w atmosferze gazów cięższych od powietrza z uwzględnieniem przeszkód terenowych

Autorzy
Markiewicz M. T.
Identyfikatory
Warianty tytułu
EN
Mathematical modelling of heavy gas dispersion in the atmosphere taking into account terrain obstacles
Języki publikacji
PL
Abstrakty
PL
Celem pracy było opracowanie parametrycznego modelu rozprzestrzeniania się w atmosferze gazów cięższych od powietrza o nazwie HGDM, który uwzględnia występowanie przeszkód terenowych, zrealizowanie jego implementacji komputerowej oraz przeprowadzenie oceny jakości modelu. Jest to pierwszy tego typu model opracowany w Polsce, ponieważ skonstruowany w kraju model UMDSAOS (Borysiewicz i in., 2000; Gałkowski, 2006) dotyczy rozprzestrzeniania się gazów cięższych od powietrza tylko nad terenem płaskim. Przedstawiony na wstępie monografii przegląd stanu wiedzy z zakresu badań doświadczalnych nad rozprzestrzenianiem się w atmosferze gazów cięższych od powietrza i modelowania matematycznego tego procesu uzupełnia brak tego typu opracowań w polskim piśmiennictwie. W koncepcji modelu wykorzystano prace wielu badaczy opublikowane w uznanej literaturze światowej. W zakresie rozwiązań szczegółowych przyjętych przez autorkę, model HGDM stanowi oryginalną całość. W szczególności na uwagę zasługują dwa nowatorskie elementy wykonanej pracy. Pierwszym z nich jest modyfikacja, opracowanej przez Webbera i in. (1995), metody parametryzacji wpływu przeszkód terenowych na rozprzestrzenianie się w atmosferze gazów cięższych od powietrza. Metoda ta dotyczy przeszkód litych. W pracy rozszerzono ją również dla przeszkód porowatych, takich jak, szpalery drzew lub przewody rurowe umieszczone na stojakach. Drugi nowy element to uwzględnienie alternatywnego sposobu opisu procesu mieszania się smugi zanieczyszczeń z otaczającym powietrzem przy wykorzystaniu metod opracowanych przez Briggsa i in. (2001) i Nowickiego (1976). Metoda Briggsa i in. (2001), dotycząca parametryzacji wciągania masy powietrza przez górną powierzchnię smugi zanieczyszczeń zarówno na etapie, gdy. smuga ma gęstość większą od gęstości powietrza, jak i na etapie, gdy gęstość smugi staje się porównywalna z gęstością powietrza, należy do nowszych metod i była wdrożona tylko w modelu HEGADAS3+. Metoda Nowickiego (1976), dotycząca parametryzacji mieszania się smugi zanieczyszczeń z otaczającym powietrzem przez powierzchnie boczne smugi na etapie, gdy smuga gazów ma gęstość porównywalną z gęstością powietrza, nie była jak dotąd wykorzystywana w modelach rozprzestrzeniania się w atmosferze gazów cięższych od powietrza. Model HGDM wykorzystano do pokazania, jak wysokość, szerokość i stopień przepuszczalności przeszkody wpływają na rozcieńczanie smugi zanieczyszczeń. Ocenę jakości modelu HGDM przeprowadzono, wzorując się na protokole opracowanym w toku realizacji międzynarodowego projektu SMEDIS. Jest to pierwsze zastosowanie metodyki SMEDIS w Polsce. Ocenę statystyczną modelu HGDM zrealizowano, porównując wyniki obliczeń otrzymane przy wykorzystaniu modelu z danymi pomierzonymi podczas badań prowadzonych w dużej skali w terenie, zestawionymi w specjalistycznych, komputerowych bazach MDA i SMEDIS. Praca kończy się porównaniem trzech metod parametryzacji wpływu przeszkód terenowych na rozprzestrzenianie się gazów cięższych odpowietrza, wdrożonych w modelu HGDM. Dwie z nich zostały opracowane przez Cleavera i in. (1995) oraz Webbera i in. (1995), a trzecia powstała przez rozszerzenie przez autorkę metody Webbera i in. (1995). Wnioskowanie, czy istnieją statystycznie istotne różnice w wynikach modelowania przy stosowaniu trzech różnych metod parametryzacji przeprowadzono, wykorzystując program BOOT opracowany przez Hannę i in. (1993). Prezentowana metodyka ilościowej oceny skutków środowiskowych w sytuacjach awaryjnych, ciągłych w czasie uwolnień do atmosfery gazów cięższych od powietrza z powierzchniowego, przyziemnego źródła emisji, zdaniem autorki, może znaleźć praktyczne zastosowania. Stanowi potencjalne narzędzie do stosowania w procedurach dotyczących: ocen oddziaływania na środowisko, analiz bezpieczeństwa, planowania operacyjno-ratowniczego i efektywnego zagospodarowania przestrzennego. Dla realizacji symulacji z wykorzystaniem modelu HGDM wszystkie dane wejściowe są łatwo dostępne, w szczególności dane meteorologiczne mogą być pozyskane z rutynowych pomiarów prowadzonych Polsce. Czas obliczeń jest zdecydowanie krótszy w porównaniu z czasem obliczeń potrzebnym przy stosowaniu bardziej złożonych modeli matematycznych, tak więc symulacje z użyciem modelu HGDM mogą być wykonywane w czasie rzeczywistym.
EN
The aim of this research work has been to formulate an integral model called HGDM, which describes heavy gas dispersion in the atmosphere taking into account the influence of terrain obstacles, and to carry out its computer implementation and model quality evaluation. The HGDM is the first model of this type developed in Poland because the UMI)SAOS model (Borysiewicz et al., 2000; Gałkowski, 2006) constructed in our country deals with heavy gas dispersion over fiat terrain. The presented Review of the state of knowledge in the area of experimental investigation of heavy gas dispersion in the atmosphere and mathematical modelling of this process fills the gap of this type of work in the Polish language literature. The concept of the HGDM model is based on the works of many researchers published in internationally recognized journals. The HGDM model is innovative in terms of specific solutions proposed by the author. In particular, two innovations are worth noting. The first one concerns modifying the method of parameterization of the influence of terrain obstacles on the dispersion of the heavy gas plume developed by Webber et al. (1995). This method deals with solid obstacles. In the monograph it was extended with porous obstacles such as greenbelts and pipe racks as well. The second new element concerns introducing an alternative description of the process of mixing pollution plume with the surrounding air by applying the method of Briggs et al. (2001) and the method of Nowicki (1976). The method of Briggs et al. (2001) concerning the parameterization of the air mass entrainment through the upper surface of plume both at the stage when the pollution plume has a density greater than the ambient air and at the stage when the plume density becomes comparable with the ambient air density, is a newish method and has been implemented only in the HEGADAS+ model. The method of Nowicki (1976), concerning the parameterization of mixing of the plume with the ambient air through the side surfaces of the plume at the stage when the gas plume has a density comparable with the ambient air density, has not been implemented yet in heavy gas dispersion models. The HGDM model has been applied to show the influence of obstacle height, its width and its degree of permeability on plume dilution. The HGDM model quality evaluation has been carried out following the SMEDIS protocol. It has been the first application of this method in Poland. The HGDM model validation has been developed through a comparison of the simulations outcomes with measurement data from large scale field experiments from MDA and SMEDIS databases. Eventually, intercomparison studies between the three different methods of parameterization of the influence of terrain obstacles on the dispersion of heavy gas clouds implemented in the HGDM model were made. Two of these methods were developed by Cleaver et al. (1995) and Webber et al. (1995) and one is proposed by this author. The BOOT program developed by Hanna et al. (1993) was used in order to conclude about statistically significant differences of the predictions of the model that applied different methods of parametrization of terrain obstacles on the dispersion of heavy gas. The presented methodology of quantitative evaluation of Environmental effects in accidental situations of releases of heavy gases to the atmosphere from the ground level and continuous emission sources has, in the author’s opinion, a potential to be used in practical applications. It cm be applied in the procedures related to Environmental impact assessment, safety studies, emergency planning and land-use planning. Imput data for simulations using the HGDM model are easily obtained; in particular, meteorological data can be supplied from routine measurements conducted in Poland. The calculation time is unquestionably shorter compared to the calculation time needed to carry out simulations applying codes of more complex mathematical models so the calculations in which the HGDM model is used can be done in real time.
Słowa kluczowe
PL
EN
Wydawca
Oficyna Wydawnicza Politechniki Warszawskiej
Czasopismo
Prace Naukowe Politechniki Warszawskiej. Inżynieria Środowiska
Rocznik
2018
Tom
z. 75
Strony
4--167
Opis fizyczny
Bibliogr. 350 poz., rys., tab.
Twórcy
autor
Markiewicz M. T.
  • Wydział Instalacji Budowlanych, Hydrotechniki i Inżynierii Środowiska, Politechnika Warszawska
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Opracowanie rekordu w ramach umowy 509/P-DUN/2018 ze środków MNiSW przeznaczonych na działalność upowszechniającą naukę (2018).
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