1,2-Dibromoetan

• Autorzy: Świdwińska-Gajewska A , Czerczak S.
• Języki publikacji: PL

Abstrakty

PL

1,2-Dibromoetan (DEB) jest bezbarwną cieczą o słodkawym zapachu, podobnym do chloroformu. Jest zaklasyfikowany jako substancja rakotwórcza kategorii 2., która działa toksycznie: przez drogi oddechowe, w kontakcie ze skórą i po połknięciu, a także drażniąco na: oczy, drogi oddechowe i skórę oraz jest niebezpieczna dla środowiska. 1,2-Dibromoetan otrzymuje się w procesie bromowania etylenu, a także reakcji acetylenu i kwasu bromowodorowego. Związek był stosowany jako środek usuwający: ołów, pestycyd oraz fumigant do odymiania gleby i zbóż. Obecnie substancję tę używa się jako półprodukt w syntezie chemicznej oraz rozpuszczalnik: żywic, gum i wosków. Z danych zebranych przez Centralny Rejestr Danych o Narażeniu na Substancje, Preparaty, Czynniki lub Procesy Technologiczne o Działaniu Rakotwórczym lub Mutagennym wynika, że narażenie w Polsce na 1,2-dibromoetan występuje głównie wśród pracowników laboratoryjnych: uczelni wyższych i zakładów chemicznych. W 2010 r. zarejestrowano 336 osób pracujących w narażeniu na ten związek w 10 zakładach. W Centralnym Rejestrze nie ma informacji o wielkości narażenia (IMP 2011). Według danych Głównej Inspekcji Sanitarnej w 2010 r. nie było pracowników narażonych na 1,2-dibromoetan powyżej wartości najwyższego dopuszczalnego stężenia (NDS), czyli stężenia 0,5 mg/m3 (GIS 2010). 1,2-Dibromoetan może działać toksycznie po narażeniu drogą: inhalacyjną, pokarmową oraz w kontakcie ze skórą. Działa także silnie drażniąco na: oczy, skórę i drogi oddechowe. Pierwsze objawy zatrucia u ludzi występują ze strony układu pokarmowego, a następnie obserwowano: żółtaczkę, uszkodzenia wątroby, nerek i zahamowanie ośrodkowego układu nerwowego (OUN). Narażenie inhalacyjne może prowadzić do zapalenia i ciężkiego uszkodzenia płuc. U zwierząt narażenie na 1,2-dibromoetan wywołuje przede wszystkim zmiany w obrębie układu oddechowego (jamy nosowej, tchawicy i płuc), a także w: wątrobie, nerkach, nadnerczach i jądrach. Związek działa mutagennie i genotoksycznie, co potwierdzają liczne testy przeprowadzone na bakteriach i komórkach zwierząt w badaniach w warunkach in vitro i In vivo. 1,2-Dibromoetan może wpływać na rozrodczość. U pracowników narażonych na 1,2-dibromoetan zaobserwowano zmiany w jakości nasienia. U zwierząt związek ten wpływał nie tylko na spermatogenezę, lecz także na cykl rujowy. Zaobserwowano również objawy działania embriotoksycznego i teratogennego związku u szczurów i myszy. Działanie rakotwórcze 1,2-dibromoetanu na zwierzęta potwierdzono w licznych eksperymentach, podając zwierzętom substancję różnymi drogami. Drogą dożołądkową 1,2-dibromoetan indukował powstawanie nowotworów w: przedżołądku, płucach i układzie krążenia. Związek podany inhalacyjnie wywoływał nowotwory: jamy nosowej, płuc i układu krążenia, a podany przez skórę: nowotwory skóry i płuc. 1,2-Dibromoetan w organizmie jest metabolizowany na szlaku oksydacyjnym z udziałem cytochromu P450 lub koniugacji za pośrednictwem S-transferazy glutationowej. Metabolity wydają się być odpowiedzialne w dużej mierze za działanie toksyczne i rakotwórcze tego związku, głównie przez kowalencyjne wiązanie z kwasami nukleinowymi i białkami. Za podstawę do wyznaczenia wartości NDS przyjęto skutek działania rakotwórczego w badaniu inhalacyjnym na myszach i szczurach. Wartość NDS wyliczona na podstawie ryzyka jednostkowego oszacowanego przez ekspertów EPA wynosi 0,6 (mg/m3)-1. Proponuje się zmniejszenie obowiązującej wartości NDS 1,2-dibromoetanu z 0,5 do 0,01 mg/m3. Nie ma podstaw do zaproponowania wartości najwyższego dopuszczalnego stężenia chwilowego (NDSCh) oraz dopuszczalnego stężenia w materiale biologicznym (DSB) 1,2-dibromoetanu. Jednocześnie proponuje się pozostawienie dotychczasowego oznakowania 1,2-dibromoetanu: „Rakotw. Kat. 2.”, „Ft”, „I” i „Sk”.

EN

1,2-Dibromoethane (DEB) is a colorless liquid with a sweet odor similar to chloroform. It is classified as a carcinogen category 2, which is toxic by inhalation, in contact with skin and if swallowed. It is irritating to the eyes, respiratory system and skin, and is dangerous to the environment. 1,2-Dibromoethane is obtained by bromination of ethylene, and in the reaction of acetylene with hydrobromic acid. The chemical was used to removing lead, as a pesticide and as a fumigant for fumigation of soil and grain. Now it is used as an intermediate product in chemical synthesis, and as a solvent for resin, rubber and wax. Data collected by The Central Register of Data on Exposure to Substances, Preparations, Agents or Processes with Carcinogenic or Mutagenic Activity shows that in Poland exposure to 1,2-dibromoethane occurs mainly in laboratory workers at universities and chemical plants. In 2010, 336 people were recorded as exposed to this chemical in 10 plants. The Central Register has no information about the severity of the exposure (IMP 2011). According to the Chief Sanitary Inspectorate, in 2010, no workers were exposed to 1,2-dibromoethane at a concentration above the maximum admissible concentration (MAC) of 0.5 mg/m3 (GIS 2010). The first symptoms of poisoning in humans are gastrointestinal, followed by jaundice, liver and kidney damage, and inhibition of central nervous system. Inhalation exposure can result in inflammation and severe damage to the lungs. In animals, exposure to 1,2-dibromoethane primarily produces changes in the respiratory tract (nasal cavity, trachea and lungs), and also in the liver, kidneys, adrenal gland and testes. The compound shows mutagenic and genotoxic activity, which numerous in vitro and in vivo tests on bacteria and animal cells have confirmed. 1,2-Dibromoethane can affect reproduction. A change in the quality of the semen was noted in workers exposed o 1,2-dibromoethane. In animals, this compound affects not only the spermatogenesis, but also the estrous cycle. Signs of embryotoxic and teratogenic activity of the compound were also observed in rats and mice. Carcinogenicity of 1,2-dibromoethane in animals has been confirmed in numerous experiments, during which the animals were exposed to the substance in different ways. When given intragastrically, 1,2-dibromoethane caused cancer of the forestomach, lungs and circulatory system. Inhalation exposure to the compound resulted in tumors of the nasal cavity, lungs and circulatory system, while dermal exposure resulted in tumors of the skin and lungs. 1,2-Dibromoethane is metabolized in the body in the oxidative pathway by cytochrome P450 or by conjugation via glutathione S-transferase. The metabolites appear to be largely responsible for the toxic and carcinogenic effects of this compound, mainly by covalent binding to nucleic acids and proteins. The carcinogenic effect of inhalation exposure of mice and rats has been accepted as the basis for establishing MAC values. The MAC value of 0.6 (mg/m3)-1 has been calculated on the basis of the individual risk estimated by the experts of the EPA. A decrease in the current MAC value of 1,2-dibromoethane from 0.5 to 0.01 mg/m3 has been suggested. It does not seem reasonable to establish a maximum short-term exposure limit (STEL), or the biological exposure index (BEI) for 1,2-dibromoethane. At the same time, maintaining current 1,2-dibromoethane notations Carc. Cat. 2, Ft, I and Sk is suggested.

Słowa kluczowe

PL

1,2-dibromoetan; narażenie zawodowe; NDS

EN

1,2-dibromoethane; occupational exposure; MAC value

• Wydawca: Centralny Instytut Ochrony Pracy - Państwowy Instytut Badawczy
• Czasopismo: Podstawy i Metody Oceny Środowiska Pracy
• Rocznik: 2012
• Tom: Nr 2 (72)
• Strony: 45--73
• Opis fizyczny: Bibliogr. 150 poz., rys., tab.

Twórcy

autor

Świdwińska-Gajewska A

• Instytut Medycyny Pracy im. prof. dr med. Jerzego Nofera 91-348 Łódź ul. św. Teresy od Dzieciątka Jezus 8

autor

Czerczak S.

• Instytut Medycyny Pracy im. prof. dr med. Jerzego Nofera 91-348 Łódź ul. św. Teresy od Dzieciątka Jezus 8

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