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Cross-laminated timber (CLT) as one novel engineered massive wood is prone to the rolling shear failure, due to its configuration characteristics of orthogonal orientation of adjacent layers. For comprehending its rolling shear behavior and clarifying the influence of the lamination aspect ratios on the rolling shear strength, pseudo-static monotonic rolling shear tests were conducted on the CLT specimens with aspect ratios ranging from 2.54 to 9.40, based on a modified planar shear test method. Their rolling shear strength or rolling shear resisting capacity was calculated with respect to the influence of the aspect ratios. The damage modes of the rolling shear specimens were analyzed considering the influence of their lamination width. The effect of the lamination width and that of the lamination thickness on the rolling shear strength were investigated, respectively. Besides, in the case of different aspect ratios, the strength modification factor defined as the ratio between the design rolling shear strength to the design parallel-to-grain shear strength of the outermost laminations was provided, which can facilitate the estimation of the rolling shear strength. Considering the influence of the aspect ratios, both the regression equations of the strength modification factor and the predictive equations of the rolling shear strength were proposed. It is found that a highly positive linear correlation exists between the rolling shear resisting capacity and the aspect ratio. The damage modes of the CLT rolling shear specimens depend on their lamination width; besides, when the lamination width increases from 184 to 235 mm, little improvement can be identified for the rolling shear resisting capacity. Meanwhile, larger thickness of the CLT transverse laminations can result in less CLT rolling shear strength. Overall, the proposed equations are capable of predicting the rolling shear strength of CLT fabricated with the SPF lumber. The study can contribute to the comprehension on the CLT rolling shear behaviors and provide reference values for mitigating the possibilities of CLT rolling shear damages in engineering design.
Czasopismo
Rocznik
Tom
Strony
art. no. e22, 2022
Opis fizyczny
Bibliogr. 34 poz., rys., tab., wykr.
Twórcy
autor
- Department of Structural Engineering, Tongji University, A703 Civil Engineering Building, NO.1239 Siping Rd, Shanghai 200092, China
autor
- Department of Structural Engineering, Tongji University, A703 Civil Engineering Building, NO.1239 Siping Rd, Shanghai 200092, China
autor
- Department of Structural Engineering, Tongji University, A703 Civil Engineering Building, NO.1239 Siping Rd, Shanghai 200092, China
Bibliografia
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- 2. Aicher S, Dill-Langer G. Basic considerations to rolling shear modulus in wooden boards. Otto-Graf-J. 2000;11:157–65.
- 3. Popovski M, Gagnon S, Mohammad M, Chen ZY. CLT Hand-book: structural design of cross-laminated timber elements. 2nd ed. Vancouver: FPInnovations; 2019.
- 4. Ehrhart T, Brandner R. Rolling shear: test configurations and properties of some European soft- and hardwood species. Eng Struct. 2018;172:554–72.
- 5. Latour M, Rizzano G. Seismic behavior of cross-laminated timber panel buildings equipped with traditional and innovative connectors. Arch Civ Mech Eng. 2017;17(2):382–99.
- 6. Ma YX, Si RZ, Musah M, Dai QL, Xie XF, Wang XP, Ross JR. Mechanical property evaluation of hybrid mixed-species CLT panels with sugar maple and white spruce. J Mater Civil Eng. 2021;33(7):04021159.
- 7. Xu BH, Zhang SD, Zhao YH, Bouchair A. Rolling shear properties of hybrid cross-laminated timber. J Mater Civil Eng. 2021;33(7):04021159.
- 8. Dahl KB, Malo KA. Linear shear properties of spruce softwood. Wood Sci Technol. 2009;43:499–525.
- 9. Aicher S, Zachary C, Hirsch M. Rolling shear modulus and strength of beech wood laminations. Holzforschung. 2016;70(8):773–81.
- 10. Aicher S, Hirsch M, Christian Z. Hybrid cross-laminated timber plates with beech wood cross-layers. Constr Build Mater. 2016;124:1007–28.
- 11. Wang ZQ, Fu HM, Gong M, Luo JY, Dong WQ, Wang T, Chui YH. Planar shear and bending properties of hybrid CLT fabricated with lumber and LVL. Constr Build Mater.2017;151:172–7.
- 12. Görlacher R. A method for determining the rolling shear modulus of timber. Holz als Roh- und Werkstoff. 2002;60:317–22.
- 13. Zhou Q, Gong M, Chui YH, Mohammad M. Measurement of rolling shear modulus and strength of cross laminated timber fabricated with black spruce. Constr Build Mater. 2014;64:379–86.
- 14. Wu GF, Zhong Y, Ren HQ. Effects of grain pattern on the rolling shear properties of wood in cross-laminated timber. Forests. 2021;12(6):668.
- 15. Wang ZQ, Zhou JH, Dong WQ, Yue Y, Gong M. Influence of technical characteristics on the rolling shear properties of cross-laminated timber by modified planar shear tests. Maderas-Ciencia y tecnología. 2018;20(3):469–78.
- 16. Chao YW, Street J, Li MH, Lim H. Evaluation of the effect of knots on rolling shear strength of cross laminated timber (CLT). Constr Build Mater. 2019;222:579–87.
- 17. Li MH, Dong WC, Lim H. Influence of lamination aspect ratios and test methods on rolling shear strength evaluation of cross-laminated timber. J Mater Civil Eng. 2019;31(12):04019310.
- 18. Li MH. Evaluating rolling shear strength properties of cross-laminated timber by short-span bending tests and modified planar shear tests. J Wood Sci. 2017;63:331–7.
- 19. Jakobs A. Calculation of laminar laminated timber as rigid and flexible composite loaded out-of-plane with particular consideration of rolling shear and twisting. Dissertation, Universität der Bundeswehr München, Munich, Germany; 2005.
- 20. Gui T, Cai SC, Wang ZQ, Zhou JH. Influence of aspect ratio on rolling shear properties of fast-grown small diameter eucalyptus lumber. J Renew Mater. 2020;8(9):1053–66.
- 21. European Committee for Standardization (CEN). Timber structures - cross laminated timber – requirements, EN 16351, Brussels, Belgium; 2015.
- 22. European Committee for Standardization (CEN). Timber structures - structural timber and glued laminated timber - Determination of some physical and mechanical properties, EN 408+A1, Brussels, Belgium; 2010.
- 23. American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM). Standard test methods for structural plates in planar shear (RS), ASTM D2718, West Conshohocken, PA: USA; 2018.
- 24. Wood handbook: Wood as an engineering material. Madison, WI: FPL (Forest Products Laboratory); 2010.
- 25. European Committee for Standardization (CEN). Eurocode 5: Design of timber structures. Part 1–1: General-Common rules and rules for buildings, EN 1995-1-1, Brussels, Belgium; 2008.
- 26. ANSI/APA PRG 320. Standard for Performance-rated Cross-laminated Timber, American National Standards Institute/APA-The Engineering Wood Association, APA, Tacoma, WA; 2018.
- 27. Standards Press of China. Standard for design of timber structure, GB/T 50005–2017. Beijing: Standards Press of China; 2017.
- 28. National Lumber Grades Authority (NLGA). Standard grading rules for Canadian lumber, Surrey, Canada; 2010.
- 29. Hassel BI, Berard P, Modén CS, Berglund LA. The single cube apparatus for shear testing - full field strain data and finite element analysis of wood in transverse shear. Compos Sci Technol. 2009;69:877–82.
- 30. Franzoni L, Lebée A, Lyon F, Foret G. Bending behavior of regularly spaced CLT panels. In: Proceeding of 14th world conference on timber engineering (WCTE), Vienna, Austria; 2016.
- 31. American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM). Standard test methods for small clear specimens of timber, ASTM D143–14, West Conshohocken, PA: USA; 2014.
- 32. Ukyo S, Shindo K, Miyatake A. Evaluation of rolling shear modulus and strength of Japanese cedar cross-laminated timber (CLT) laminae. J Wood Sci. 2019;65:31.
- 33. Mubaraki M, Osman SA, Sallam HEM. Effect of RAP content on flexural behavior and fracture toughness of flexible pavement. Lat Am J Solids Struct. 2019;16(03):e177.
- 34. European Committee for Standardization (CEN). Timber structures - calculation and verification of characteristic values, EN 14358, Brussels, Belgium; 2016.
Uwagi
PL
Opracowanie rekordu ze środków MEiN, umowa nr SONP/SP/546092/2022 w ramach programu "Społeczna odpowiedzialność nauki" - moduł: Popularyzacja nauki i promocja sportu (2022-2023)
Typ dokumentu
Bibliografia
Identyfikator YADDA
bwmeta1.element.baztech-9b9c1793-8717-49d8-9e1e-18a65aa63b84