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Integrated Approaches to Determination of CO2 Concentration and Air Rate Exchange in Educational Institution

Treść / Zawartość
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Warianty tytułu
Języki publikacji
EN
Abstrakty
EN
Many old public buildings in Central and Eastern Europe are characterized by low energy efficiency and often lack of mechanical ventilation. The general trends are aimed to improve the energy efficiency of the building sector and to provide comfort conditions. The indoor air quality can be determined based on the CO2 concentrations. In the article, a complex approach to the definition and analysis of data on the indoor CO2 concentration and the air exchange rate in educational institutions at natural air exchange and in the absence of mechanical air circulation was implemented. Educational institutions in Kyiv have been considered. The study of the CO2 concentration of indoor and outdoor air of three typical schools of mass development in the 80 s, as well as the training building of Igor Sikorsky KPI, was carried out. Experimental determination of the background CO2 concentration during the day next to the considered objects showed that the background concentration of CO2 is in the range of 400-420 ppm. Measurements of the CO2 concentration distribution were carried out after classes throughout the classroom area, according to which the difference between the values at the level of the working area was 30...180 ppm. It was found that the concentration of CO2 varies during classes between 700-1100 ppm. During the break, the CO2 concentration decreases to 500-1000 ppm, depending on the type of ventilation. Experimental data on the dynamics of changes in the indoor CO2 concentration are used to determine the air exchange rate based on balances of air flows and CO2. It is shown that the number of present persons influences the indoor CO2 concentration more significantly than the air exchange rate. On the example of an experimental study of the CO2 concentration in the classrooms for high school students it was found that the air exchange rate during the classes is in the range of 0.4...0.75 h-1. During breaks the air exchange rate increases to 2.9-3.5 h-1. For the range considered, the weighted average air exchange rate is 0.8 h-1, and even with forced airing, the air exchange rate is insufficient to ensure acceptable CO2 concentration. For the training building of Igor Sikorsky KPI a field experiment was carried out to determine the dynamics of changes in CO2 concentration in time and on the basis of it the air exchange rates for representative classrooms were determined. The concentration of CO2 ranged from 500 to 2000 ppm and increases by 350-850 ppm depending on the use and location of classrooms. Based on experimental data, the air exchange rate for the training building of the education institution is in the range of 0.35-0.7 h-1. During the periods of airing the air exchange may increase by 0.45 h-1, but this does not allow reaching the standard value. When analyzing the obtained results, simulation models of natural air exchange of the examined classrooms were used on the basis of the improved ASHRAE method. The natural air exchange rate based on simulations is in the -0.8…0.5 h-1 range. Negative values are explained by exfiltration, which is typical for the upper floors. Not only the comfort and condition of the building envelope, but also the total energy consumption of the building depend on the actual level of air exchange rate. In the total energy balance the ventilation component is 30-60%. Further use of the obtained results can be connected with monitoring of the actual level of air exchange rate and its consideration during complex modernization or implementation of the ventilation systems with heat recovery in the premises of educational institutions.
Rocznik
Strony
82--104
Opis fizyczny
Bibliogr. 37 poz., rys., tab.
Twórcy
  • National Technical University of Ukraine "Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute", Ukraine
autor
  • National Technical University of Ukraine "Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute", Ukraine
  • National Technical University of Ukraine "Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute", Ukraine
  • National Technical University of Ukraine "Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute", Ukraine
  • National Technical University of Ukraine "Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute", Ukraine
Bibliografia
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  • Berge, A. (2011). Analysis of Methods to Calculate Air Infiltration for Use in Energy Calculations. Sweden. 98.
  • Biler, A., Tavil, A., Su Y., Kha, N. (2018). A Review of Performance Specifications and Studies of Trickle. Vent. Buildings, 8, 152-183.
  • Bilous, I., Deshko, V., Sukhodub, I. (2018). Parametric analysis of external and internal factors influence on building energy performance using non - linear multivariate regression models. Journal of Building Engineering, 20, 327-336.
  • Bilous, I.Yu., Deshko, V.I., Sukhodub, I.O. (2020). Building energy modeling using hourly infiltration rate. Magazine of Civil Engineering, 96(4), 27-41.
  • Chen, S., Levine, M.D., Li, H., Yowargana, P., Xie, L. (2012). Measured air tightness performance of residential buildings in North China and its influence on district space heating energy use. Energy and Buildings, 51, 157-164.
  • DBN V.2.2-3:2018. Budynky i sporudi. Zaklady osvity. [Buildings and structures. Educational institutions]. K.: MinrehionUkrayiny. 2018. 61. (ukr)
  • DBN V.2.5-67:2013. Opalennia, ventyliatsiia ta kondytsionuvannia. [Heating, ventilation and air conditioning]. K.: MinrehionUkrayiny. 2018. 61. (ukr).
  • Deshko, V., Buyak, N., Bilous, I., Voloshchuk, V. (2020). Reference state and exergy based dynamics analysis of energy performance of the “heat source – human – building envelope” system”. Energy, 200.
  • Deshko, V., Shevchenko, O. (2013). University campuses energy performance estimation in Ukraine based on measurable approach. Energy and Buildings, 66, 582-590.
  • DSTU B A.2.2-12:2015. Enerhetychna efektyvnist' budivel'. Metod rozrakhunku enerhospozhyvannya pry opalenni, okholodzhenni, ventylyatsiyi, osvitlenni ta haryachomu vodopostachanni [Energy efficiency of buildings. Method of calculation of energy heating, cooling, ventilation, lighting and hot water]. K.: MinrehionUkrayiny. 2015. 205 p. (ukr)
  • DSTU B V.2.2-19:2007. Metod vyznachennia povitropronyknosti ohorodzhuvalnykh konstruktsii v naturnykh umovakh [Method for determining the air permeability of enclosure structures in field conditions]. K.: Minrehion Ukrayiny. 2008. 20. (ukr)
  • Dumała, S., Skwarczyński, M. (2011) Influence of modernization activities on demand of thermal energy in buildings. Rocznik Ochrona Srodowiska, 13(1), 1795-1808.
  • EN 12831: 2003 Heating of systems in buildings - Method of for calculation of the design heat load. (The heating systems in building are Calculation of the thermal loading). CEN, 2003. 76.
  • EN 15251:2007 Indoor environmental input parameters for design and assessment of energy performance of buildings addressing indoor air quality, thermal environment, lighting and acoustics. CEN, 2003. 64.
  • EN 15603:2008. Energy performance of buildings. Overall energy use and definition of energy ratings. CEN, 2003. 66.
  • Ferdyn-Grygierek, J., Baranowski, A. (2015). Internal environment in the museum building – Assessment andimprovement of air exchange and its impact on energy demandfor heating. Energy and Buildings, 92, 45-54.
  • Földváry, V., Bekö, G., Langer, S., Arrhenius, K., Petráš, D. (2017). Effect of energy renovation on indoor air quality in multifamily residential buildings in Slovakia. Building and Environment, 122, 363-372.
  • Frączek, K., Chmiel, M.J., Bulski, K. (2018). Bacterial aerosol at selected rooms of school bulidings of Malopolska province. Rocznik Ochrona Srodowiska, 20, 1583-1596.
  • Johnson, T., Myers, J., Kelly, T., Wisbith, A., Ollisonc, W. (2004). A pilot study using scripted ventilation conditions to identify key factors affecting indoor pollutant concentration and air exchange rate in a residence. Journal of Exposure Analysis and Environmental Epidemiology, 14(1), 1-22.
  • Jokisalo, J., Kurnitski J., Korpi, M., Kalamees, T., Vinha, J. (2009). Building leakage, infiltration, and energy performance analyses for Finnish detached houses. Building and Environment, 44, 377-387.
  • Jokisalo, J., Kalamees, T., Kurnitski, J., Eskola, L., Jokiranta, K., Vinha, J. (2008). A comparison of measured and simulated air pressure conditions of a detached house in a cold climate. Journal of Building Physics, 32(1), 67-89.
  • Kapalo, P., Voznyak, O., Yurkevych, Yu., Myroniuk, Kh. (2018). Еnsuring comfort microclimate in the classrooms under condition of the required air exchange. Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies, 95, 6-14.
  • Konig, M., Hempel, S., Janke, D., Amon, B., Amon, T. (2018). Variabilities in determining air exchange rates in naturally ventilated dairy buildings using the CO2 production model. Biosystems eng ineering, 174, 249-259.
  • Leivo, V., Prasauskas, T., Du, L., Turunen, M., Kiviste, M., Aaltonen, A., Martuzevicius, D., Haverinen-Shaughnessy, U. (2018). Indoor thermal environment, air exchange rates, and carbon dioxide concentrations before and after energy retro fits in Finnish and Lithuanian multi-family buildings. Science of the Total Environment, 621, 398-406.
  • Ng, L., Musser, A., Persily, A., Emmerich, S. (2013). Multizone airflow models for calculating infiltration rates in commercial reference buildings. Energy and Buildings, 58, 11-18.
  • Ng, L., Persily, A., Emmerich, S. (2014). Consideration of envelope airtightness in modelling commercial building energy consumption. International Journal of Ventilation, 12(4), 369-377.
  • Ng, L., Persily, A., Emmerich, S. (2015). Improving infiltration modeling in commercial building energy models. Energy and Buildings, 88, 316-323.
  • Nielsen, T., Drivsholm, C. (2010). Energy efficient demand controller ventilation in single family houses. Energy and Buildings, 42(11), 1995-1998.
  • Salthammer, T. (2019). Formaldehyde sources, formaldehyde concentrations and air exchange rates in European housings. Building and Environment, 150, 219-232.
  • Shi, S., Chen, C., Zhao, B. (2015). Air infiltration rate distributions of residences in Beijing. Building and Environment, 92, 528-537.
  • Siuta-Olcha, A., Cholewa, T., Syroka, M., Anasiewicz, R. (2016). Analysis of the influence of a glazed surface type and solar shading devices on the building energy balance. Rocznik Ochrona Srodowiska, 18, 2, 259-270.
  • Stabile, L., Dell'Isola, M., Russi, A., Massimo, A., Buonanno, G. (2017). The effect of natural ventilation strategy on indoor air quality in schools. Science of the Total Environment, 595, 894-902.
  • Yongming, J., Duanmu, L., Li, X. (2017). Building air leakage analysis for individual apartments in North China. Building and Environment, 122, 105-115.
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  • You, Y., Niu, C., Zhou, J., Liu. Y., Bai, Z., Zhang, J., He, F., Zhang, N. (2012). Measurement of air exchange rates in different indoor environments using continuous CO2 sensors. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 24(4), 657-664.
  • Younes, C., Shdid, C., Bitsuamlak, G. (2012). Air infiltration through building envelopes: A review. Journal of Building Physics, 35(3), 267-302.
Uwagi
Opracowanie rekordu ze środków MNiSW, umowa Nr 461252 w ramach programu "Społeczna odpowiedzialność nauki" - moduł: Popularyzacja nauki i promocja sportu (2021).
Typ dokumentu
Bibliografia
Identyfikator YADDA
bwmeta1.element.baztech-97318551-fd42-4483-9768-d6ee9dafabeb
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