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Testing Sleeping Bags According to EN 13537:2002: Details That Make the Difference

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Warianty tytułu
Języki publikacji
EN
Abstrakty
EN
The European Standard on sleeping bag requirements (EN 13537:2002) describes a procedure to determine environmental temperature limits for safe usage of sleeping bags regarding their thermal insulation. However, there are several possible sources of error related to this procedure. The main aim of this work was to determine the influence of the various measuring parameters on the acuity of the respective parameters in order to judge the requirements. The results indicated that air velocity, mattress insulation and time between unpacking the bag and measurement had a significant impact on the result, with a difference of up to 5–15% in thermal insulation between minimum and maximum allowable parameter levels. On the other hand, manikin weight, thickness of the artificial ground and presence of a face mask were found to have a negligible influence. The article also discusses more general aspects of the standard including the calculation methods used.
Rocznik
Strony
199--216
Opis fizyczny
Bibliogr. 38 poz., rys., tab., wykr.
Twórcy
autor
  • Division of Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
autor
  • Department of Textiles and Plastics, Swerea IVF AB, Molndal, Sweden
Bibliografia
  • 1.European Committee for Standardization (CEN). Requirements for sleeping bags (Standard No. EN 13537:2002). Brussells, Belgium: CEN; 2002.
  • 2.Umbach KH. Ermittlung des Verwendungsbereiches von Schlafsacken [Information on user interval for sleeping bags] (Hohensteiner Forschungsbericht Bekleidungsphysiologie No. 1990:3). Bonnigheim, Germany: Hohensteiner Institute.
  • 3.McCullough EA, Huang J, Jones BW. Evaluation of EN 13537 and other models for predicting temperature ratings of sleeping bags. In: Holmer I, Kuklane K, Gao C, editors. The 11th International Conference on Environmental Ergonomics. Lund, Sweden: Lund University; 2005. p. 425–8.
  • 4.Meinander H, Anttonen H, Bartels V, Holmer I, Reinertsen R, Sołtyński K, et al. Thermal insulation of cold protective clothing using thermal manikins. Subzero project. Final Report. Tampere, Finland: Fiber Materials Sciences, Tampere University of Technology; 2003.
  • 5.European Committee for Standardization (CEN). Protective clothing—ensembles for protection against cold (Standard No. EN 342:2004). Brussels, Belgium: CEN; 2004.
  • 6.Wyon DP. Use of thermal manikins in enviromental ergonomics. Scand J Work Environ Health. 1989;15 Suppl 1:84–94.
  • 7.Holmer I. Thermal manikin history and applications. Europ J Appl Physiol. 2004;92(6):614–8.
  • 8.The Thermal Manikin Network. Retrieved January 25, 2010, from: http://hem.passagen.se/nilssons/mer_manikin_network.htm.
  • 9.Hanel SE. A joint Nordic project to develop an improved thermal manikin for modelling and measuring human heat exchange. In: Aspect medicaux et biphysiques des vetements de protection [Medical and biophysical aspects on protective clothing] [conference proceedings]. Lyon, France: Centre de Recherche du Service de Sante des Armees; 1983. p. 280–2.
  • 10.Kuklane K, Heidmets S, Johansson T. Improving thermal comfort in an orthopaedic aid: better boston brace for scoliosis patients. In: Fan J, editor. The 6th International Meeting on Manikins and Modelling (6I3M). Hong Kong: The Hong Kong Polytechnic University; 2006. p. 343–51.
  • 11.International Organization for Standardization (ISO). Thermal manikin for measuring the resultant basic thermal insulation (Standard No. EN ISO 15831:2004). Geneva, Switzerland: ISO; 2004.
  • 12.International Organization for Standardization (ISO). Textiles—determination of thermal resistance—part 1: low thermal resistance. (Standard No. ISO 5085-1:2004). Geneva, Switzerland: ISO; 2004.
  • 13.McCullough EA, Zuo J, Huang J. The effect of auxiliary products on the insulation provided by sleeping bag systems. In: International Textile and Apparel Association’s (ITAA) 2009 Annual Conference. Retrieved March 26, 2010, from: http://www.itaaonline.org/downloads/TAS-McCullough-The_Effect_of_Auxiliary.pdf.
  • 14.McCullough EA. Issues concerning the EN 13537 sleeping bag standard. Boulder, CO, USA: Outdoor Industry Association; 2009. Retrieved March 26, 2010, from: http://www.outdoorindustry.org/pdf/EN13537Mccullough062209.pdf.
  • 15.Wu YS, Fan J. Testing sleeping bags using a supine sweating fabric manikin. In: 13th International Conference on Environmental Ergonomics [CD-ROM]. Boston, MA, USA: USARIEM; 2009.
  • 16.Anttonen H, Niskanen J, Meinander H, Bartels V, Kuklane K, Reinertsen RE, et al. Thermal manikin measurements—exact or not? International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics (JOSE). 2004;10(3):291–300.
  • 17.Havenith G, Nilsson H. Correction of clothing insulation for movement and wind effects—a metanalysis. Europ J Appl Physiol 2004;92(6):636–40.
  • 18.International Organization for Standardization (ISO). Ergonomics of the thermal environment—estimation of the thermal insulation and evaporative resistance of a clothing ensemble (Standard No. ISO 9920:2007). Geneva, Switzerland: ISO;2007.
  • 19.Nilsson HO, Anttonen H, Holmér I. New algorithms for prediction of wind effects on cold protective clothing. In: Kuklane K, Holmer I, editors. NOKOBETEF 6 and 1st European Conference on Protective Clothing. Solna, Sweden: Arbetsmiljoinstitutet; 2000. p. 17–20.
  • 20.Huang J. Prediction of air temperature for thermal comfort of people using sleeping bags: a review. Int J Biometeorol. 2008;52(8):717–23.
  • 21.Havenith G, den Hartog E, Heus R. Moisture accumulation in sleeping bags at –7 °C and –20 °C in relation to cover material and method of use. Ergonomics. 2004;47(13):1424–31.
  • 22.American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM). Standard method for measuring the evaporative resistance of clothing using a sweating thermal manikin (Standard No. ASTM F2370‑05). Philadelphia, PA, USA: ASTM International;2005.
  • 23.Meinander H, Hellsten M. The influence of sweating on the heat transmission properties of cold protective clothing studied with a sweating thermal manikin. International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics (JOSE). 2004;10(3):263–9.
  • 24.Richards MGM, McCullough EA. Revised interlaboratory study of sweating thermal manikins including results from the sweating agile thermal manikin. J ASTM Int. 2005;2(4):13.
  • 25.Havenith G, Richards M, Wang X, Brode P, Candas V, den Hartog E, et al. Apparent latent heat of evaporation from clothing: attenuation and “heat pipe” effects. J Appl Physiol. 2008;104(1):142–9.
  • 26.Kuklane K. Heat loss from a thermal manikin during wet tests with walking simulation. In: The 7th International Meeting on Manikins and Modelling (7I3M) [CD-ROM]. Coimbra, Portugal: Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Coimbra, Portugal; 2008.
  • 27.Brode P, Havenith G, Wang X, Candas V, den Hartog EA, Griefahn B, et al. Non-evaporative effects of a wet mid layer on heat transfer through protective clothing. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2008;104(2):341–9.
  • 28.Holand B. Comfort temperatures for sleeping bags. In: Nilsson H, Holmer I, editors. In: The Third International Meeting on Thermal Manikin Testing; 3IMM. Solna, Sweden: Arbetslivsinstitutet; 1999. p. 25–8.
  • 29.Huang J, McCullough EA. Evaluation of heat loss models for predicting temperature ratings of sleeping bags (Institute for Environmental Research Technical Report 03-80). Manhattan, KS, USA: Kansas State University; 2003.
  • 30.Holmer I. Overnattning i igloo [Overnight sleeping in igloo]. In: Holmer I, editor. Arbete i kyla [Work in cold]. Solna, Sweden: Arbetsmiljoinstitutet; 1993. p. 36–38.
  • 31.Holmer I. Protection against cold. In: Shishoo R, editor. Textiles in sport. Boca Raton, FL, USA: CRC Press; 2005. p. 262–86.
  • 32.International Organization for Standardization (ISO). Ergonomics of the thermal environment—determination and interpretation of cold stress when using required clothing insulation (IREQ) and local cooling effects (Standard No. ISO 11079:2007). Geneva, Switzerland: ISO; 2007.
  • 33.Wallerstrom B, Holmer I. Bestamning av varmeisolationsformagan hos olika sovsackar [Determination of thermal insulation of different sleeping bags] (Report D, No. 5124). Solna, Sweden: Arbetarskyddsstyrelsen; 1981.
  • 34.Kuklane K, Gao C, Holmer I, Giedraityte L, Brode P, Candas V, et al. Calculation of clothing insulation by serial and parallel methods: effects on clothing choice by IREQ and thermal responses in the cold. International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics (JOSE). 2007;13(2):103–16.
  • 35.Lee JY, Ko ES, Le HH, Kim JY, Choi JW. Serial and parallel method in calculation of single garments with a thermal manikin. In: Mekjavic IB, Stelios N. Kounalakis, Taylor NAS, editors. The 12th International Conference on Environmental Ergonomics. Ljubljana, Slovenia: Biomed; 2007. p. 430–3.
  • 36.Oliveira AVM, Branco VJ, Gaspar AR, Quintela DA. Measuring thermal insulation of clothing with different manikin control methods. Comparative analysis of the calculation methods. In: The 7th International Meeting on Manikins and Modelling (7I3M) [CD-ROM]. Coimbra, Portugal: Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Coimbra, Portugal; 2008.
  • 37.Nilsson H. Analysis of two methods of calculating the total insulation. In: Nilsson H, Holmer I editors. Proceedings of a European seminar on Thermal Manikin Testing. Solna, Sweden: Arbetslivsinstitutet; 1997. p. 17–22.
  • 38.Holmer I, Gao C, Wang F. Can a vest provide 83 clo? Serial calculation method revisited [abstract]. In: Dezaire J, den Hartog E, Luiken A, editors. European Conference on Protective Clothing. Arnhem, The Netherlands: TNO; 2009. p. 12.
Typ dokumentu
Bibliografia
Identyfikator YADDA
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