Using digital tools to improve operational processes in the architectural spaces of a hospital’s outpatient department

• Autorzy: Ben Saeed Waleed , Adas Yasser , Almaimani Ayad

Identyfikatory

DOI

10.24425/tkuia.2023.148982

Warianty tytułu

PL

Wykorzystanie narzędzi cyfrowych do ulepszenia procesów operacyjnych w przestrzeniach architektonicznych polikliniki szpitalnej

• Języki publikacji: EN PL

Abstrakty

EN

Congestion is a significant problem affecting the operational processes of a hospital’s outpatient department (OPD). Congestion especially affects the OPD’s architectural space, due to the increased number of patients. Recently, digital tools have been used in healthcare systems to reduce congestion and help the OPD improve its operational processes; one of these tools is the virtual examination room. However, patients still need to be examined by physicians in the OPD, and digital tools alone cannot solve all the problems that congestion creates. The authors of this paper conducted a study that offers a new way to alleviate congestion in the OPD by combining physical and digital solutions to increase OPD efficiency and optimize its operational processes. The study created an alternative operational plan that adds virtual examination rooms to reduce congestion. This plan allows the OPD to increase the number of physical and virtual examination rooms by almost 110% and increase the number physically and virtually examined patients by 153% each day. The plan also redesigns some architectural spaces at the OPD to enhance the environment and match the hospital’s requirement for authorized bodies.

PL

Przestoje są poważnym problemem, który dotyczy procesów operacyjnych poliklinik szpitalnych (PS). Dotyczy on zwłaszcza przestrzeni architektonicznych PS, z uwagi na zwiększoną ilość pacjentów. W ostatnim czasie użyto narzędzi cyfrowych w systemach opieki zdrowotnej, aby zmniejszyć przestoje i ułatwić polepszanie procesów operacyjnych w PS; jednym z takich narzędzi jest wirtualny pokój badań. Niemniej jednak pacjenci wciąż muszą być przebadani przez lekarzy w PS i narzędzia cyfrowe same w sobie nie rozwiążą wszystkich problemów, które powodują przestoje. Autorzy niniejszego artykułu przeprowadzili badanie, które oferuje nowy sposób złagodzenia przestojów w PS poprzez połączenie fizycznych i cyfrowych rozwiązań, które zwiększają sprawność PS i optymalizują procesy operacyjne. Zaproponowano alternatywny plan operacyjny, który dodaje wirtualne pokoje badań celem zmniejszenia przestojów. Plan ten pozwala PS na zwiększenie ilości fizycznych i wirtualnych pokojów badań o niemal 110% oraz na zwiększenie dziennej ilości przebadanych fizycznie i wirtualnie pacjentów o 153%. Plan przewiduje przeprojektowanie wnętrz architektonicznych PS, aby polepszyć środowisko i dostosować szpital do wymogów autoryzowanych instytucji.

Słowa kluczowe

EN

digitalization; architectural space; virtual examination room; outpatient department; OPD; operational plan; efficiency; virtual clinic

PL

cyfryzacja; przestrzeń architektoniczna; wirtualny pokój badań; poliklinika szpitalna; PS; plan operacyjny; sprawność; klinika wirtualna

• Wydawca: Polska Akademia Nauk, Oddział w Krakowie ; Politechnika Krakowska, Wydział Architektury
• Czasopismo: Teka Komisji Urbanistyki i Architektury Oddział PAN w Krakowie
• Rocznik: 2023
• Tom: T. 51
• Strony: 339--357
• Opis fizyczny: Bibliogr. 38 poz., rys., wykr., zdj.

Twórcy

autor

Ben Saeed Waleed

• King Abdulaziz University, Faculty of Architecture and Planning, Department of Architecture

• https://orcid.org/0009-0004-3941-1816+

autor

Adas Yasser

• King Abdulaziz University, Faculty of Architecture and Planning, Department of Architecture

• https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7098-8232+

autor

Almaimani Ayad

• King Abdulaziz University Faculty of Architecture and Planning Department of Architecture

• https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3251-4511

Bibliografia

• Ahmad, B.A., Khairatul, K., Farnaza, A. (2017), ‘An assessment of patient waiting and consultation time in a primary healthcare clinic’, Malaysian Family Physician, the official journal of the Academy of Family Physicians of Malaysia, 12(1), pp. 14-21. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5420318/ (accessed: 26.08.2023).
• Ahmadi-Javid, A., Jalali, Z., Klassen, K.J. (2017), ‘Outpatient appointment systems in healthcare: A review of optimization studies’, European Journal of Operational Research, 258(1), pp. 3-34. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2016.06.064 (accessed: 28.08.2023).
• Bhattacharya, S. et al. (2020), ‘Health system strengthening during COVID-19 pandemic through virtual out-patient clinics: An experience from India’, Journal of Public Health and Primary Care, 1(1). Available at: https://doi.org/10.4103/jphpc.jphpc_9_20 (accessed: 26.08.2023).
• Biya, M. et al. (2022), ‘Waiting time and its associated factors in patients presenting to outpatient departments at Public Hospitals of Jimma Zone, Southwest Ethiopia’, BMC Health Services Research, 22(1). Available at: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-022-07502-8 (accessed: 26.08.2023).
• Browne, C. et al. (2017), ‘Prospective evaluation of a virtual urology outpatient clinic’, Irish Journal of Medical Science (1971-), 187(1), pp. 251–-54. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11845-017-1615-y (accessed: 26.08.2023).
• Cambridge Dictionary (2023), ‘physical distancing’ @CambridgeWords. Available at: https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/physical-distancing (accessed 3.06. 2023).
• Das, A. (2017), ‘Private Hospitals’ Parking: Health Care’s Debated Contribution in Traffic Congestion of Dhaka City’, SSRN Electronic Journal. Available at: https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3641769 (accessed: 26.08.2023).
• El Sawy, O.A. et al. (2020), ‘How LEGO Built the Foundations and Enterprise Capabilities for Digital Leadership’ [in:] Strategic Information Management. Theory and Practice, Robert D. Galliers, Dorothy E. Leidner, Boyka Simeonova (eds.), pp.174-201. Available at: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429286797-8 (accessed: 26.08.2023).
• Enabulele, O., J’s, A., Enabulele, J. (2018), ‘Patient waiting time in the general practice clinic of the University of Benin Teaching Hospital, Edo State, Nigeria’, Journal of Family Medicine & Community Health, 5(2). Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/325477520_Patient_waiting_time_in_the_general_practice_clinic_of_the_University_of_Benin_Teaching_Hospital_Edo_State_Nigeria#fullTextFileContent (accessed: 26.08.2023).
• Frenzel-Piasentin, A. et al. (2021), ‘Digitization or Digitalization? - Toward an Understanding of Definitions, Use and Application in IS Research’, Americas Conference on Information Systems, 2021 Proceedings. Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/354402700_Digitization_or_Digitalization_-_Toward_an_Understanding_of_Definitions_Use_and_Application_in_IS_Research?amp%3BenrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzM1NDQwMjcwMDtBUzoxMDY1MzI3M-TA2NDc4MDgwQDE2MzEwMDUxODMxNTk%3D&%3Bel=1_x_2&%3B_esc=publicationCoverPdf (accessed: 26.08.2023).
• Hayward, C. (2018), ‘How Many Hospital Parking Spaces?’, SpaceMed Essentials. Available at: https://blog. spacemed.com/estimating-healthcare-facility-parking-requirements/ (accessed: 1.06.2023).
• Health and Safety Executive (2020), Procedure for the Management of Virtual Outpatient Clinics, [online] https://www.hse.gov.uk/. Available at: https://www.hse.ie/eng/about/who/acute-hospitals-division/outpatient-services-performance-improvement-programme/procedure-for-the-management-of-virtual-outpatient-clinics.pdf (accessed: 26.08.2023).
• Hospital, K.A.U. (n.d.), ‘About Hospital’ [online] https://hospital.kau.edu.sa. Available at: https://hospital.kau.edu.sa/Content-599-EN-38308 (accessed: 13.07.2023).
• Hunter, J. et al. (2012), ‘Improving outpatient services: the Southampton IBD virtual clinic’, Postgraduate Medical Journal, 88(1042), pp.487-91. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1136/postgradmedj-2012-100123rep (accessed: 26.08.2023).
• ISD Scotland Data Dictionary (n.d.), ISD Scotland, Information Services Division [online] www.ndc.scot.nhs. uk. Available at: https://www.ndc.scot.nhs.uk/Dictionary-A-Z/Definitions/index.asp?Search=V&ID=954&Title=Virtual%20Clinic (accessed 3.06.2023).
• Javed, D. (2015), ‘A Time-Motion Study of OPD Services at a State Level Ayurvedic Hospital to Reduce the OPD Congestion’, International Ayurvedic Medical Journal. Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/ publication/331373416_A_TIME-MOTION_STUDY_OF_OPD_SERVICES_AT_A_STATE_LEVEL_AYURVEDIC_HOSPITAL_TO_REDUCE_THE_OPD_CONGESTION (accessed: 26.08.2023).
• Lailomthong, N., Prichanont, S. (2014), Patient’s Waiting Time Reduction in Outpatient Department, International Conference on Advances in Engineering and Technology (ICAET’ 2014) March 29-30, 2014 Singapore. Available at: https://doi.org/10.15242/iie.e0314153 (accessed: 26.08.2023).
• Lapão, L.V. (2018), ‘The Future of Healthcare: The Impact of Digitalization on Healthcare Services Performance’, The Internet and Health in Brazil, pp. 435-449. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-99289-1_22 (accessed: 26.08.2023).
• Lavin, B. (2020), ‘Bridging the healthcare gap: Building the case for epilepsy virtual clinics in the current healthcare environment’, Epilepsy & Behavior, 111, p. 107262. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yebeh.2020.107262 (accessed: 26.08.2023).
• Maragakis, L. (2020), Coronavirus, Social Distancing and Self Quarantine, [online] www.hopkinsmedicine.org. Available at: https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/coronavirus/coronavirus-social-distancing-and-self-quarantine (accessed: 26.08.2023).
• Mustafa, F.A., Ahmed, S.S. (2022), ‘The role of waiting area typology in limiting the spread of COVID-19: Outpatient clinics of Erbil hospitals as a case study’, Indoor and Built Environment, p.1420326X2210796. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/1420326x221079616 (accessed: 26.08.2023).
• National health service (2021), Allows Primary Care Teams to Manage Their Clinics Digitally [online] https://nhshealthcall.co.uk/. Available at: https://nhshealthcall.co.uk/product/virtual_clinic/ (accessed: 28.06.2023).
• New South Wales Ministry of Health (2022), What is virtual care? [online] www.health.nsw.gov.au. Available at: https://www.health.nsw.gov.au/virtualcare/Pages/virtual-care-in-NSW.aspx (accessed: 28.06.2023).
• Ngowtanasuwan, G., Rengtam, P. (2013), ‘Applied Simulation Model for Design of Improving Medical Record Area in Out-patient Department (OPD) of a Governmental Hospital’, Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 101, pp. 147-158. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.07.188 (accessed: 26.08.2023).
• Panaviwat, C., Lohasiriwat, H., Tharmmaphornphilas, W. (2014), ‘Designing an appointment system for an outpatient department’, IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 58, p. 012010. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/58/1/012010 (accessed: 26.08.2023).
• Pandit, A., Kulkarni, M., Kamthe’s, A. (2016), ‘Defects in OPD Process Leading to Patient Dissatisfaction’, International Education Journal, 2(6). Available at: https:// www.researchgate.net/publication/329905880_Defects_in_OPD_Process_Leading_to_Patient_Dissatisfaction (accessed: 26.08.2023).
• Patwardhan, A. et al. (2012), ‘Comparison of Waiting and Consultation Times in Convenient Care Clinics and Physician Offices’, Journal of Primary Care & Community Health, 4(2), pp.124-128. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/2150131912450030 (accessed: 26.08.2023).
• Raadabadi, M. et al. (2017), ‘Factors affecting the overcrowding in outpatient healthcare’, Journal of Education and Health Promotion, 6(1), p. 21. Available at: https://doi.org/10.4103/2277-9531.204742 (accessed: 26.08.2023).
• Rema, V., Sikdar, K. (2021), ‘Optimizing Patient Waiting Time in the Outpatient Department of a Multi-specialty Indian Hospital: The Role of Technology Adoption and Queue-Based Monte Carlo Simulation’, SN Computer Science, 2(3). Available at: https://doi.org/10.1007/s42979-021-00595-8 (accessed: 26.08.2023).
• Rutherford, E. et al. (2020), ‘Potential Benefits and Drawbacks of Virtual Clinics in General Surgery: Pilot Cross-Sectional Questionnaire Study’, JMIR Perioperative Medicine, 3(1), p. e12491. Available at: https://doi.org/10.2196/12491 (accessed: 26.08.2023).
• Saudi Ministry of Health (2021), Health protocols for hospital visitors, [online] ةياقولا نم انوروك. Available at: https://covid19awareness.sa/archives/10976 (accessed 3.06.2023).
• Thapa, R. et al. (2018), ‘An Assessment of Patient Waiting and Consultation Time in the Outpatient Department at a Selected Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital’, Journal of Evolution of Medical and Dental Sciences, 7(08), pp. 984-988. Available at: https://doi.org/10.14260/jemds/2018/225 (accessed: 26.08.2023).
• Tsaousis, K.T. et al. (2015), ‘The concept of virtual clinics in monitoring patients with age-related macular degeneration’, Acta Ophthalmologica, 94(5), pp. e353-e355. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1111/aos.12832 (accessed: 26.08.2023).
• UpCodes. (n.d.). 2.1: Common Elements for Outpatient Facilities, Pennsylvania Outpatient Facilities Design Code 2018. Available at: https://up.codes/viewer/pennsylvania/fgi-outpatient-facilities-2018/chapter/2.1/common-elements-for-outpatient-facilities#2.1-3.5.10.4 (accessed 3.06.2023).
• UpCodes. (n.d.). Chapter 12: Interior Environment, California Building Code 2022 (Vol 1 & 2). Available at: https://up.codes/viewer/california/ca-building-code-2022/chapter/12/interior-environment?query=circulation%20 waiting%20room#1225.6.1.1 (accessed 3.06.2023).
• Wafula, R.B., Ayah, R. (2021), ‘Factors Associated With Patient Waiting Time at a Medical Outpatient Clinic: A Case Study of University of Nairobi Health Services’, International Journal of Innovative Research in Medical Science, 6(12), pp. 915–918. Available at: https://doi.org/10.23958/ijirms/vol06-i12/1307 (accessed: 26.08.2023).
• World Health Organization (2021), COVID-19 Advice - Physical’ Distancing | WHO Western Pacific. [online] www.who.int. Available at: https://www.who.int/westernpacific/emergencies/covid-19/information/physical-distancing (accessed: 26.08.2023).
• Yuan, J. (et al.) (2021), ‘An Assessment of Social Distancing Obedience Behavior during the COVID-19 Post-Epidemic Period in China: A Cross-Sectional Survey’, Sustainability, 13(14), p. 8091. Available at: https://doi.org/10.3390/su13148091 (accessed: 26.08.2023).