Polish lignite resources, mining and energy industries - what is next?

• Autorzy: Widera Marek , Urbański Paweł , Mazurek Sławomir , Naworyta Wojciech

Identyfikatory

DOI

10.24425/gsm.2024.150826

Warianty tytułu

PL

Polskie zasoby węgla brunatnego, górnictwo i energetyka - co dalej?

• Języki publikacji: EN

Abstrakty

EN

Poland is among the top ten countries in the world in terms of lignite resources (including reserves). With respect to lignite mining, its position is even higher at sixth in the world, fourth in Europe and second in the European Union (EU). The role of lignite in the Polish energy mix is crucial because ~27% of electricity was generated in lignite-fired power plants in 2022. However, there are countries in Europe where the dependence on lignite is much greater and currently in the range of 40-96%. Both the national and EU climate energy policy assumes the abandonment of lignite as a source of ‘dirty’ electricity within the next two decades. This ambitious goal is achievable but it may be threatened by the geopolitical situation. However, after 2040-2044, a large number of lignite deposits will remain in Poland. The deposits are well recognized and the detailed geology is well documented, with the estimated reserves intended for exploitation amounting to 5.8 Gt. These deposits, like the five which are currently mined, are stratigraphically diverse and characterized by a complex geology, representing different genetic types. In the context of a coal-free energy policy in the EU, the problem of the legal protection of lignite deposits remains. Thus, the question arises of what is next for Polish lignite deposits. They may be managed in the coming decades by using improved unconventional methods, such as in situ or ex situ gasification. Lignite deposits will constitute a strategic reserve in the event of a deep energy crisis caused by an unstable geopolitical situation. Finally, we suggest the urgent introduction of more precise legal changes that would protect at least part of the lignite resources in Poland for future generations.

PL

Polska znajduje się w pierwszej dziesiątce krajów na świecie pod względem zasobów i rezerw węgla brunatnego. Pod względem wydobycia węgla brunatnego jej pozycja jest jeszcze wyższa, tj. szósta na świecie, czwarta w Europie i druga w Unii Europejskiej (UE). Rola węgla brunatnego w polskim miksie energetycznym jest kluczowa, gdyż w 2022 roku w elektrowniach nim opalanych wytworzono ~27% energii elektrycznej. Zarówno krajowa, jak i unijna polityka klimatyczno-energetyczna zakłada w ciągu najbliższych dwóch dekad odejście od węgla brunatnego jako źródła „brudnej” energii elektrycznej. Ten ambitny cel jest możliwy do osiągnięcia, jednak może mu zagrozić sytuacja geopolityczna. Z drugiej strony, po latach 2040-2044, w Polsce pozostanie duża liczba złóż węgla brunatnego. Złoża są dobrze rozpoznane, szczegółowa budowa geologiczna dobrze udokumentowana, a szacowane zasoby przeznaczone do eksploatacji wynoszą 5,8 Gt. Złoża te, podobnie jak pięć obecnie eksploatowanych, są zróżnicowane stratygraficznie, charakteryzują się złożoną geologią oraz reprezentującą różne typy genetyczne. W kontekście bezwęglowej polityki energetycznej w UE pozostaje problem prawnej ochrony złóż węgla brunatnego. Rodzi się zatem pytanie: co dalej z polskimi złożami węgla brunatnego? Można je w nadchodzących dziesięcioleciach zagospodarować, stosując udoskonalone metody niekonwencjonalne, takie jak zgazowanie in situ lub ex situ. Złoża węgla brunatnego będą stanowić rezerwę strategiczną na wypadek głębokiego kryzysu energetycznego spowodowanego np. niestabilną sytuacją geopolityczną. Zatem sugerujemy pilne wprowadzenie bardziej precyzyjnych zmian prawnych, które chroniłyby przynajmniej część zasobów węgla brunatnego w Polsce dla przyszłych pokoleń.

Słowa kluczowe

EN

lignite deposits; energy transition; lignite exploitation; lignite power generation; deposits protection

PL

złoża węgla brunatnego; eksploatacja węgla brunatnego; wytwarzanie energii; transformacja energetyczna; ochrona złóż

• Wydawca: Instytut Gospodarki Surowcami Mineralnymi i Energią PAN ; Komitet Zrównoważonej Gospodarki Surowcami Mineralnymi PAN
• Czasopismo: Gospodarka Surowcami Mineralnymi
• Rocznik: 2024
• Tom: T. 40, z. 2
• Strony: 5--28
• Opis fizyczny: Bibliogr. 67 poz., rys., tab., wykr.

Twórcy

autor

Widera Marek

• Institute of Geology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland

• https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5092-2845

autor

Urbański Paweł

• Polish Geological Institute - National Research Institute, Warszawa, Poland

• https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5440-6562

autor

Mazurek Sławomir

• Polish Geological Institute - National Research Institute, Warszawa, Poland

• https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7068-5151

autor

Naworyta Wojciech

• Mining Engineering and Occupational Safety, AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland

• https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4569-3907

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