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Modelling of vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser beam collimation using a nanostructured gradient index microlens

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EN
Abstrakty
EN
In this paper we show that the recently developed nanostructured gradient index (nGRIN) rod microlens can be utilised for the collimation of the beam generated by a vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL). The modelling of the nanostructured lens structure is performed using the finite difference time domain (FDTD) method with realistic nGRIN parameters and a Gaussian model of the light source. The large refractive index gradient of the nanostructured microlens allows the final microlens thickness to be only 70 μm with a diameter of 10 μm. Successful collimation of a single-mode VCSEL beam with a waist half-width of 1.53 μm is presented with a reduction in divergence half-angle from 10.1° to 3.3°. We show that the linear polarisation of the incident beam is preserved as well as presenting the tolerance of this type of lens to variations in overall thickness.
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Czasopismo
Rocznik
Strony
761--772
Opis fizyczny
Bibliogr. 16 poz., rys., wykr.
Twórcy
  • Heriot-Watt University, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, Scotland, UK
  • University of Warsaw, Faculty of Physics, Pasteura 7, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
autor
  • Heriot-Watt University, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, Scotland, UK
  • Heriot-Watt University, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, Scotland, UK
autor
  • University of Warsaw, Faculty of Physics, Pasteura 7, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
  • Heriot-Watt University, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, Scotland, UK
Bibliografia
  • [1] GOMEZ-REINO C., PEREZ M.V., BAO C., Gradient-Index Optics: Fundamentals and Applications, Springer, Berlin, 2002.
  • [2] KNITTEL J., SCHNIEDER L., BUESS G., MESSERSCHMIDT B., POSSNER T., Endoscope-compatible confocal microscope using a gradient index-lens system, Optics Communications 188(5–6), 2001, pp. 267–273.
  • [3] EITEL S., FANCEY S.J., GAUGGEL H.-P., GULDEN K.-H., BACHTOLD W., TAGHIZADEH M.R., Highly uniform vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers integrated with microlens arrays, IEEE Photonics Technology Letters 12(5), 2000, pp. 459–461.
  • [4] OTOMA H., MURAKAMI A., KUWATA Y., UEKI N., MUKOYAMA N., KONDO T., SAKAMOTO A., OMORI S., NAKAYAMA H., NAKAMURA T., Single-mode oxide-confined VCSEL for printers and sensors, [In] Proceedings of the 1st Electronics Systemintegration Technology Conference, Vol. 1, 2006, pp. 80–85.
  • [5] HUDELIST F., BUCZYNSKI R., WADDIE A.J., TAGHIZADEH M.R., Design and fabrication of nanostructured gradient index microlenses, Optics Express 17(5), 2009, pp. 3255–3263.
  • [6] HUDELIST F., NOWOSIELSKI J.M., BUCZYNSKI R., WADDIE A.J., TAGHIZADEH M.R., Nanostructured elliptical gradient-index microlenses, Optics Letters 35(2), 2010, pp. 130–132.
  • [7] NOWOSIELSKI J.M., BUCZYNSKI R., HUDELIST F., WADDIE A.J., TAGHIZADEH M.R., Nanostructured GRIN microlenses for Gaussian beam focusing, Optics Communications 283(9), 2010, pp. 1938–1944.
  • [8] BUCZYNSKI R., KUJAWA I., KASZTELANIC R., PYSZ D., BORZYCKI K., BERGHMANS F., THIENPONT H., STEPIEN R., Supercontinuum generation in all-solid photonic crystal fiber with low index core, Laser Physics 22(4), 2012, pp. 784–790.
  • [9] ZICKAR M., NOELL W., MARXER C., DE ROOIJ N., MEMS compatible micro-GRIN lenses for fiber to chip coupling of light, Optics Express 14(10), 2006, pp. 4237–4249.
  • [10] MILLER D.A.B., Device requirements for optical interconnects to silicon chips, Proceedings of the IEEE 97(7), 2009, pp. 1166–1185.
  • [11] SIHVOLA A., Electromagnetic Mixing Formulas and Applications, The Institution of Electrical Engineers, London, 1999.
  • [12] HARTMANN A. K., RIEGER H., Optimization Algorithms in Physics, Wiley-VCH, Berlin, 2002.
  • [13] TAFLOVE A., HAGNESS S.C., Computational Electrodynamics: The Finite-Difference Time-Domain Method, Artech House, Boston, 2000.
  • [14] OSKOOI A.F., ROUNDY D., IBANESCU M., BERMEL P., JOANNOPOULOS J.D., JOHNSON S.G., MEEP: A flexible free-software package for electromagnetic simulations by the FDTD method, Computer Physics Communications 181(3), 2010, pp. 687–702.
  • [15] SERKLAND D.K., CHOQUETTE K.D., HADLEY G.R., GEIB K.M., ALLERMAN A.A., Size dependence of small-aperture thin-oxide VCSELs, Digest of the LEOS Summer Topical Meeting, San Diego, USA, 1999, pp. III15–III6.
  • [16] SIEGMAN A.E., Lasers, University Science Books, Mill Valey, 1986.
Typ dokumentu
Bibliografia
Identyfikator YADDA
bwmeta1.element.baztech-93c5b72d-8a5e-4dbe-9e17-b24bd27a5d7c
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