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Sedimentary environment of the Early Pleistocene Gravels of the Edfu Formation from the Saqqara archaeological site (Egypt) – preliminary results

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EN
Abstrakty
EN
A gravel horizon is preserved in several locations within the world-wide known archaeological site in Saqqara (northern Egypt). It is characterized by a variable thickness, composed of coarse, quartz, quartzitic and flint pebbles, and considered to correspond to gravels of the Edfu Formation, deposited in the Early Pleistocene by the early phase of the Nile development (Protonile Phase). This relatively short (ca. 200 ka) and at the same time very dynamic period of Protonile activity during the Edfu Pluvial is one of the most poorly recognized hydrological-climatic episodes of the Quaternary in north-eastern Africa. This paper is focused on the preliminary sedimentological-petrographic characteristics of these deposits and an attempt to indicate their source areas as well as mechanisms of transportation and deposition in the context of Pleistocene pluvial episodes.
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Strony
69--78
Opis fizyczny
Bibliogr. 40 poz., tab., rys.
Twórcy
autor
  • Faculty of Geology, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 93, 02-089 Warsaw
autor
  • Institute of Archaeology, Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University in Warsaw
  • Institute of Geological Sciences, Polish Academy of Sciences, Twarda 51/55, 00-818 Warsaw
Bibliografia
  • 1. Blair, T.C., McPherson, J.G., 1994. Alluvial fans and their natural distinction from rivers based on morphology, hydraulic processes, sedimentary processes, and facies assemblages. Journal of Sedimentary Research A64, 450–489.
  • 2. Cailleux, A., 1942. Les actiones éoliennes périglaciaires en Europe. Mm. Soc. Géol. de France 41, 1–176.
  • 3. Folk, R.L., Ward, W.C., 1957. Bravos river bar: a study in the significance of grain size parameters. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology 27 (1), 3–26.
  • 4. GoŹdzik, J., 1980. Application of morphometry and graniphormametry in the study of deposits from the brown coal mine in Bełchatów (Zastosowanie morfometrii i graniformametrii do badań osadów w kopalni węgla brunatnego Bełchatów). Studia Regionalne 4 (9), 101–114 (in Polish).
  • 5. Herbich, T., Jagodziński, A., 1988. Geophysical investigation of the Dry Moat of the Netjerykhet complex in Saqqara. In Sulgowska, Z., Tomaszewski, A.J. (eds) Man-Millennia-Environment. Studies in honour of Romuald Schild, 273–279. Institute of Archaeology and Ethnology, Polish Academy of Sciences. Warszawa.
  • 6. Issawi, B., 1983. Ancient Rivers of the Eastern Egyptian Desert. Episodes 2, 3–6.
  • 7. Klemm, D., Klemm, R., 2010. The stones of the pyramids, provenance of the building stones of the Old Kingdom Pyramids of Egypt. Walter de Gruyter: Berlin – New York, 12–26.
  • 8. Klemm, R., Klemm, D., 2008. Stones and quarries in Ancient Egypt. The British Museum Press: London, 40–57.
  • 9. Miall, A.D., 1978. Lithofacies types and vertical profile models in braided river deposits: a summary. In Miall, A.D. (ed.) Fluvial Sedimentology, Canadian Society of Petroleum Geology Memoirs 5, 597–604.
  • 10. Mycielska-Dowgiałło, E., 1995. Selected textural properties of sediments and their interpretational value (Wybrane cechy teksturalne osadów i ich wartość interpretacyjna). In Mycielska-Dowgiałło, E., Rutkowski, J. (eds) Badania osadów czwartorzêdowych. Wybrane metody i interpretacja wyników, 29–105. WGiSR UW, Warszawa (in Polish).
  • 11. Mycielska-Dowgiałło, E., Rutkowski, J., 1995. Studies of Quater nary sediments. Selected methods and interpretation of results (Badania osadów czwartorzêdowych. Wybrane metody i interpretacja wyników). WGiSR UW, Warszawa (in Polish).
  • 12. Mycielska-Dowgiałło, E., Woronko, B., 1998. Analysis of rounding and matting on surfaces of quartz grains in the sand fraction and its interpretational value. Przegląd Geologiczny 46, 1275–1281 (in Polish with English summary).
  • 13. Mycielska-Dowgiałło, E., Woronko, B., 2004. The degree of aeolization of Quaternary deposits in Poland as a tool for stratigraphic interpretation. Sedimentary Geology 168, 149–163.
  • 14. Myśliwiec, K., 2006. The Dry Moat west of the Netjerykhet enclosure. In Barta, M. (ed.) The Old Kingdom Art and Archaeology, pp. 233. Proceedings of the cpnference held in Prague, Maj 31-June 4, 2004, Prague.
  • 15. Nemec, W., Steel, R., 1984. Alluvial and coastal conglomerates: their significant features and some comments on gravelly mass-flow deposits. In Koster, E.H., Steel, R. (eds) Sedimentology of Gravels and Conglomerates, 1–31. Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists Mem. 10.
  • 16. Nichols, G., Hirst, J.P., 1998. Alluvial fans and fluvial distributary system, Oligo-Miocene, northern Spine: contrasting processes and products. Journal of Sedimentary Research 68, 879–889.
  • 17. Said, R., 1962. Geology of Egypt, Elsevier Publishing Company. Amsterdam – New York.
  • 18. Said, R., 1981. The Geological evolution of the River Nile. Springer.
  • 19. Said, R., 1990. Cenozoic. In Said, R. (ed.) The Geology of Egypt, 451–486. A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam, Brookfield.
  • 20. Said, R., 1990a. Quaternary. In Said, R. (ed.) The Geology of Egypt, 487–507. A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam, Brookfield.
  • 21. Said, R., 1993. The River Nile: Geology, Hydrology and Utilization. Elsevier, Amsterdam.
  • 22. Sampsell, B., M. 2003. Geology of Egypt, Cairo – New York.
  • 23. Schild, R., Wendorf, F., 2013. Early and middle Holocene paleoclimates in the South Western Desert of Egypt – The Word before unification. Studia Quaternaria 30 (2), 125–133.
  • 24. Schlumberger, 1995. Geology of Egypt. In: Well Evaluation Conference. Egypt, Schlumberger Middle East, 1–64.
  • 25. Shukri, N.M., Azer, N., 1952. The mineralogy of Pliocene and more recent sediments in the Faiyum. Institute du Desert Bulletin 2(1), 10–39.
  • 26. Squyres C.H, Robert E, Handley R, List F.K, Pöhlmann G. 1987. Geological map of Egypt 1:500,000. NH 36 SW, Beni Suef. Conoco, Cairo.
  • 27. Swelim, N., 1988. The Dry Moat of the Netjerykhet Complex. In Baines, J., Leahy, T.G.H., Shore, A.F. (eds.) Pyramid Studies and Other Essays Presented to I. E. S. Edwards. JARCE, 32–41.
  • 28. Swelim, N., 1991. Some remarks on the Great Rectangular Monuments of Middle Saqqara. MDAIK 47, 389 – 402.
  • 29. Swelim, N., 2006. The Dry Moat, the South Rock Wall of the Inner South Chanel. In Czerny, E., Hunger, H., Melman, S., Schwab, A. (eds.) Timelines: Studies in Honour of Manfred Bietak, 363–376. Peeters, Louvain-la-Neuve.
  • 30. Welc, F., 2011. The Third Dynasty open quarry west of the Netjerykhet pyramid complex (Saqqara). ÉtTrav., 24, 272–304.
  • 31. Welc, F., Malata, E., Marks, L., Studencka, B., Olszewska, B., 2013. Preliminary remarks on enigmatic “White Casing Limestone” from Saqqara archaeological site in Egypt. Studia Quaternaria 30 (2), 115–123.
  • 32. Welc, F., Marks, L., 2014. Climate change at the end of the Old Kingdom in Egypt around 4200 BP: New geoarchaeological evidence. Quaternary International 324, 124–133.
  • 33. Welc, F., Mieszkowski, R., Trzciński, J., Kowalczyk, S., 2015. Western Section of the ‘Dry Moat’ Channel Surrounding Step Pyramid Complex in Saqqara in the Light of Ground-penetrating Radar Prospection. Archaeological Prospection, DOI: 10.1002/arp.1514.
  • 34. Welc, F., Trzciński, J., 2013. Geology of the Site. In Myśliwiec, K. (ed.) Old Kingdom Structures between the Step Pyramid Complex and the Dry Moat. Part 2: Geology, Anthropology, Finds, Conservation, 323 – 343. Saqqara V Series, Warsaw.
  • 35. Wendorf, F., Schild, R., Issawi, B., 1976. Prehistory of the Nile Valley. Elsevier Science and Technology Books, 1–404.
  • 36. Woodward, J.C., Macklin, M.G., Krom, M.D., Williams, M.A.J., 2007. The Nile: evolution, Quaternary river environments and material fluxes. In Gupta, A. (ed.) Large Rivers: Geomorphology and Management, 261–291. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Chichester.
  • 37. Woronko, B., 2001. Significance of rounding and matting of quartz grain surfaces in the genetic interpretation of Quaternary sediments (Znaczenie analizy obtoczenia i zmatowienia powierzchni ziaren kwarcowych frakcji piaszczystej w interpretacji genetycznej osadów czwartorzêdowych). In Mycielska-Dowgiałło, E., Rutkowski, J. (eds) Eolizacja osadów jako wskaźnik stratygraficzny czwartorzêdu, 33–38. Pracownia Sedymentologiczna WGiSR UW, Warszawa (in Polish).
  • 38. Woronko, B., Bujak, £., 2010. Microsculpture of quartz grain surfaces of the sand fractions from the preglacial sediments of the Kozienice series as an indicator of transport and deposition conditions in the southern part of the Mazovian Lowland (Mikrorzeźba powierzchni ziaren kwarcowych frakcji piaszczystej osadów preglacjalnych serii kozienickiej jako wskaźnik warunków transportu i depozycji w południowej części Niziny Mazowieckiej). Biuletyn PIG 438, 137–154 (in Polish).
  • 39. Youssef, M., Cherif, M.O., Boukhary, M., Mohamed, A.. 1984. Geological Studies on the Saqqara Area, Egypt. Neues Jahrbuchfür Geologie und Paleontologie Abhandlungen 168, 125– 144.
  • 40. Zaki, R., 2007. Pleistocene evolution of the Nile Valley in northern Upper Egypt. Quaternary Science Reviews 26, 2883–2896.
Typ dokumentu
Bibliografia
Identyfikator YADDA
bwmeta1.element.baztech-9313a6f7-4820-4806-a11c-f51f0292f624
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