Formulation and enhancement of the rheological properties of raw bentonite using sodium carbonate and sodium carboxymethyl cellulose

• Autorzy: Weramwanja Peter M. , Rading George O. , Mbuya Thomas O. , Kihiu John M. , Borode Joseph O.

Identyfikatory

DOI

10.18668/NG.2024.11.05

Warianty tytułu

PL

Przygotowanie i poprawa właściwości reologicznych naturalnego bentonitu przy użyciu węglanu sodu i karboksymetylocelulozy sodu

• Języki publikacji: EN

Abstrakty

EN

Drilling fluids play a critical role in the exploration and production of oil and gas. Among the various types of drilling fluids, water-based mud has attracted significant attention due to its sustainability and low cost compared to synthetic mud. In Kenya, there is an increasing demand for sustainable drilling fluid compounds, such as bentonite, which is readily available in some parts of the country, for example, Isinya and Amboseli. The main drawback for the beneficiation of Kenyan bentonite include low concentration of smectite, high levels of iron contaminant, and inconsistent composition. Hence, there is a need to enhance local bentonite to improve its performance for effective drilling applications. In this work, we incorporated sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) as additives to improve the properties of the raw bentonite. The rheological characteristics of both pristine and activated bentonite were investigated using the Rheolab QC rheometer. The findings revealed that the yield point of the Isinya and Amboseli samples increased as a function of the levels of activation reagents (Na2CO3 and CMC). It was noted that more than 1.25w% of Na2CO3 was required to bring the yield stress closer to the required 15 Pa for drilling application. Additionally, the Isinya bentonite (IS3) provided adequate rheological characteristics for drilling muds after compounding with 2.5w% CMC additive. These results demonstrate the feasibility of using the local bentonite in Kenya for drilling applications. In the future, we will explore the potential of using other additives to further enhance the properties of local bentonite for geothermal power production, with the goal of lowering electricity generation cost and supporting ongoing efforts to provide reliable and affordable energy, as proposed in Kenya Vision 2030 project.

PL

Płuczki wiertnicze odgrywają kluczową rolę w procesie poszukiwania i wydobycia ropy naftowej i gazu ziemnego. Spośród różnych rodzajów płuczek wiertniczych, dużym powodzeniem cieszą się płuczki na bazie wody, ze względu na ich trwałość i niski koszt w porównaniu do płuczek syntetycznych. W Kenii rośnie zapotrzebowanie na zrównoważone mieszanki płuczek wiertniczych, jak np. bentonit, który jest łatwo dostępny w niektórych rejonach kraju, np. w Isinya czy Amboseli. Głównymi wadami kenijskiego bentonitu są niska zawartość smektytu, wysoki poziom zanieczyszczeń żelazem i niejednolity skład. W związku z tym istnieje potrzeba wzbogacania lokalnego bentonitu w celu poprawy jego wydajności pod względem efektywnego wykorzystania w procesie wiercenia. W niniejszej pracy zastosowano węglan sodu (Na2CO3) i karboksymetylocelulozę (CMC) jako dodatki poprawiające właściwości naturalnego bentonitu. Właściwości reologiczne zarówno czystego, jak i zmodyfikowanego bentonitu zostały zbadane za pomocą reometru Rheolab QC. Wyniki wykazały, że granica płynięcia dla próbek z Isinya i Amboseli wzrastała w zależności od poziomu odczynników aktywujących (Na2CO3 i karboksymetyloceluloza). Zaobserwowano, że do uzyskania granicy płynięcia zbliżonej do wymaganych 15 Pa dla zastosowań wiertniczych wymagany był dodatek Na2CO3 w ilości ponad 1,25w%. Dodatkowo, bentonit Isinya (IS3) wykazywał odpowiednie właściwości reologiczne dla płuczek wiertniczych po dodaniu 2,5% karboksymetylocelulozy. Ponadto bentonit Isinya (IS3) wykazał odpowiednie właściwości reologiczne po dodaniu 2,5% dodatku CMC. Wyniki te wskazują na możliwość wykorzystania lokalnego bentonitu w Kenii do zastosowań wiertniczych. W przyszłości przebadany zostanie potencjał wykorzystania innych dodatków w celu dalszej poprawy właściwości lokalnego bentonitu w aspekcie produkcji energii geotermalnej, jak również obniżenia kosztów wytwarzania energii elektrycznej i wspierania bieżących wysiłków na rzecz zapewnienia niezawodnej i przystępnej cenowo energii, zgodnie z założeniami projektu Kenya Vision 2030.

Słowa kluczowe

EN

bentonite; rheological properties; drilling; Sodium Carbonate

PL

bentonit; własności reologiczne; wiercenie; węglan sodu

• Wydawca: Instytut Nafty i Gazu - Państwowy Instytut Badawczy
• Czasopismo: Nafta-Gaz
• Rocznik: 2024
• Tom: R. 80, nr 11
• Strony: 705--715
• Opis fizyczny: Bibliogr. 42 poz.

Twórcy

autor

Weramwanja Peter M.

• University of Nairobi, Kenya

autor

Rading George O.

• University of Nairobi, Kenya

autor

Mbuya Thomas O.

• University of Nairobi, Kenya

autor

Kihiu John M.

• Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Kenya

autor

Borode Joseph O.

• Federal University of Technology Akure, Nigeria

Bibliografia

• Aftab A.A.R.I., Ismail A.R., Ibupoto Z.H., Akeiber H., Malghani M.G.K., 2017. Nanoparticles based drilling muds a solution to drill elevated temperature wells: A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 76(C): 1301–1313. DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2017.03.050.
• Alvi M.A.A., Belayneh M., Bandyopadhyay S., Minde M.W., 2020. Effect of iron oxide nanoparticles on the properties of water-based drilling fluids. Energies, 13(24): 6718. DOI: 10.3390/en13246718.
• Barry M.M., Jung Y., Lee J.K., Phuoc T.X., Chyu M.K., 2015. Fluid filtration and rheological properties of nanoparticle additive and intercalated clay hybrid bentonite drilling fluids. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 127: 338–346. DOI:10.1016/j.petrol.2015.01.012.
• Bleier R., 1990. Selecting a drilling fluid. Journal of Petroleum Technology, 42: 832–834. DOI: 10.2118/20986-PA.
• Caenn R., Darley H.C.H., Gray G.R., 2011. Composition and properties of drilling and completion fluids. Elsevier. DOI: 10.1016/C2009-0- 64504-9.
• Chilingarian G.V., Alp E., Al-Salem M., Uslu S., Gonzales S., Dorovi R.J., 1983. Drilling fluid evaluation using yield pointplastic viscosity correlation. Energy Sources, 8: 233–244. DOI:10.1080/00908318608946052.
• Chilingarian G.V., Alp E., Caenn R., Al-Salem M., Uslu S., Gonzales S., Dorovi R.J., Hathur R., Yen T.F., 1986. Drilling Fluid Evaluation Using Yield Point-Plastic Viscosity Correlation. Energy Sources, 8(2–3): 233–244. DOI: 10.1080/00908318608946052.
• Diman S.F., Wijeyesekera D.C., 2008. Swelling Characteristics of Bentonite Clay Mats. Proceedings of the AC&T 3rd Annual Conference, Royal Coks, 179–185.
• Eisenhour D.D., Brown R.K., 2009. Bentonite and its impact on modern life. Elements, 5(2): 83–88. DOI: 10.2113/gselements.5.2.83.
• Elbarbary S., Abdel Zaher M., Saibi H., Fowler A.R., Saibi K., 2022. Geothermal renewable energy prospects of the African continent using GIS. Geothermal Energy, 10(1): 1–19. DOI: 10.1186/s40517-022-00219-1.
• El-Mahllawy M.S., Sharara A.M., Hassaan M.M., Haleem A.M.A., 2013. The composition and activation aspects of El-Fayoum clays for using as a drilling fluid. Egyptian Journal of Petroleum, 22(3): 395–404. DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpe.2013.10.009.
• Elzea J., Murray H.H., 1994. Bentonite. [In:] Carr D.D. (eds.) Industrial Minerals and Rocks. 6thedition. Society for Mining, Metallurgy, and Exploration: Littleton, Colorado, 233–246.
• Fernandes R.R., Turezo G., Andrade D.E., Franco A.T., Negrão C.O.R., 2019. Are the rheological properties of water-based and synthetic drilling fluids obtained by the Fann 35A viscometer reliable? Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 177: 872–879. DOI: 10.1016/j.petrol.2019.02.063.
• Gamal H., Elkatatny S., Basfar S., Al-Majed A., 2019. Effect of pH on rheological and filtration properties of water-based drilling fluid based on bentonite. Sustainability, 11(23): 6714. DOI: 10.3390/su11236714.
• Halali M.A., Ghotbi C., Tahmasbi K., Ghazanfari M.H., 2016. The role of carbon nanotubes in improving thermal stability of polymeric fluids: Experimental and modeling. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 55(27): 7514–7534. DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.6b00784.
• Hammad K.J., 2015. The flow behavior of a biofluid in a separated and reattached flow region. Journal of Fluids Engineering, 137(6):061104. DOI: 10.1115/1.4029727.
• Jankowska H., Dzido A., Krawczyk P., 2023. Determination of Rheological Parameters of Non-Newtonian Fluids on an Example of Biogas Plant Substrates. Energies, 16(3): 1128. DOI: 10.3390/en16031128.
• Kafashi S., Rasaei M.R., Karimi G.R., 2020. Experimental study of nanoclay absorbents and additives’effects on modification of rheological properties of drilling fluids in porous media using glass micromodel. Journal of Porous Media, 23(6). DOI: 10.1615/JPorMedia.2020025759.
• Kang Y., She J., Zhang H., You L., Song M., 2016. Strengthening shale wellbore with silica nanoparticles drilling fluid. Petroleum, 2(2): 189–195. DOI: 10.1016/j.petlm.2016.03.005.
• Khan K., Khan S.A., Saleem M.U., Ashraf M., 2017. Improvement of locally available raw bentonite for use as drilling mud. The Open Construction & Building Technology Journal, 11(1): 274–284. DOI: 10.2174/1874836801711010274.
• Lam C., Jefferis S.A., 2014. Interpretation of viscometer test results for polymer support fluids. [In:] Tunneling and Underground Construction. Geotechnical Special Publication, 439–449. DOI:10.1061/9780784413449.043.
• Li M.C., Wu Q., Song K., French A.D., Mei C., Lei T., 2018. pH-responsive water-based drilling fluids containing bentonite and chitin nanocrystals. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, 6(3): 3783–3795. DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.7b04156.
• Luckham P.F., Rossi S., 1999. The colloidal and rheological properties of bentonite suspensions. Advances in Colloid and Interface Science, 82(1–3): 43–92. DOI: 10.1016/S0001-8686(99)00005-6.
• Mahmoud H., Mohammed A.A., Nasser M.S., Hussein I.A., El-Naas M.H., 2023. Green drilling fluid additives for a sustainable hole-cleaning performance: a comprehensive review. Emergent Materials,7(5):1–16. DOI: 10.1007/s42247-023-00524-w.
• Mahto V., Sharma V.P., 2004. Rheological study of a water based oil well drilling fluid. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 45(1–2): 123–128. DOI: 10.1016/j.petrol.2004.03.008.
• Maiti M., Bhaumik A.K., Mandal A., 2021. Performance of water-based drilling fluids for deepwater and hydrate reservoirs: Designing and modelling studies. Petroleum Science, 18(6): 1709–1728. DOI: 10.1016/j.petsci.2021.09.001.
• Marum D.M., Afonso M.D., Ochoa B.B., 2020. Rheological behavior of a bentonite mud. Applied Rheology, 30(1): 107–118. DOI: 10.1515/arh-2020-0108.
• Ngugi P.K., 2012. What does geothermal cost?– The Kenya experience. United Nations University, El Salvador.
• Rafieefar A., Sharif F., Hashemi A., BazarganA.M., 2021. Rheological behavior and filtration of water-based drilling fluids containing graphene oxide: experimental measurement, mechanistic understanding, and modeling. ACS omega, 6(44): 29905–29920. DOI:10.1021/acsomega.1c04398. RP API, 2009. Recommended practice for field testing water-based drilling fluids. API Recommendation 13B-1, ISO 20012009(10414), 21.
• Sadeghalvaad M., Sabbaghi S., Afsharimoghadam P., 2016. Synthesis and application of the drilling mud additive in the presence of surfactants. International Journal of Nano Dimension, 7(4): 321.DOI: 10.7508/ijnd.2016.04.007.
• Sedaghat A., 2017. A novel and robust model for determining rheological properties of Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids in a marsh funnel. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering,156: 896–916. DOI: 10.1016/j.petrol.2017.06.057.
• Shenoy A.V., 2013. Rheology of filled polymer systems. Springer Science & Business Media.
• Sochi T., 2010. Non-Newtonian flow in porous media. Polymer, 51(22): 5007–5023. DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2010.07.047.
• Song K., Wu Q., Li M.-Ch., Ren S., Dong L., Zhang X., Lei T., Kojima Y., 2016a. Water-based bentonite drilling fluids modified by novel biopolymer for minimizing fluid loss and formation damage. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 507: 58–66. DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2016.07.092.
• Song K., Wu Q., Li M.-Ch., Wojtanowicz A.K., Dong L., Zhang X., Ren S., Lei T., 2016b. Performance of low solid bentonite drilling fluids modified by cellulose nanoparticles. Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering, 34: 1403–1411. DOI: 10.1016/j.jngse.2016.08.036.
• Taghdimi R., Kaffashi B., Rasaei M.R., Dabiri M.S., Hemmati-Sarapardeh A., 2023. Formulating a novel drilling mud using biopolymers, nanoparticles, and SDS and investigating its rheological behavior, interfacial tension, and formation damage. Scientific Reports, 13(1): 12080. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-39257-5.
• Vajargah A.K., van Oort E., 2015. Determination of drilling fluid rheology under downhole conditions by using real-time distributed pressure data. Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering, 24: 400–411. DOI: 10.1016/j.jngse.2015.04.004.
• Wei Z., Wang M., Li Y., An Y., Li K., Bo K., Guo M., 2022. Sodium alginate as an eco-friendly rheology modifier and salt-tolerant fluid loss additive in water-based drilling fluids. RSC Advances,12(46): 29852–29864. DOI: 10.1039/D2RA04448J.
• Zambrano J.R., Sobrino M., Martín M.C., Villamañán M.A.,
• Chamorro C.R., Segovia J.J., 2016. Contributing to accurate high pressure viscosity measurements: Vibrating wire viscometer and falling body viscometer techniques. The Journal of Chemical Thermodynamics, 96: 104–116. DOI: 10.1016/j.jct.2015.12.021.
• Zhao Z., Chen S., Zhou F., Wei Z., 2022. Gel Stability of Calcium Bentonite Suspension in Brine and Its Application in Water-Based Drilling Fluids. Gels, 8(10): 643. DOI: 10.3390/gels8100643.
• Legislative acts and normative documents
• API 13B-1:2009-03: Recommended Practice for Field Testing of Waterbased Drilling Fluids.4th Ed. American Petroleum Institute.