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Factors affecting solid phase extraction (SPE) of trans,trans-muconic acid (ttMA), as a benzene biomarker, including sample pH, sample concentration, sample volume, sample flow rate, washing solvent, elution solvent, and type of sorbent were evaluated. Extracted samples were determined by HPLC-UV (high performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet). The analytical column was C18, UV wave length was 259 nm, and the mobile phase was H2O/methanol/acetic acid run at flow rate of 1 ml/min. A strong anion exchange silica cartridge was found successful in simplifying SPE. There was a significant difference between recoveries of ttMA when different factors were used (p < .001). An optimum recovery was obtained when sample pH was adjusted at 7. There was no significant difference when different sample concentrations were used (p > .05). The optimized method was then validated with 3 different pools of samples showing good reproducibility over 6 consecutive days and 6 within-day experiments.
Wydawca
Rocznik
Tom
Strony
377--388
Opis fizyczny
Bibliogr. 25 poz., rys., tab., wykr.
Twórcy
autor
- School of Public Health & Institute of Public Health Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, I.R. Iran
autor
- School of Public Health & Institute of Public Health Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, I.R. Iran
autor
- School of Public Health & Institute of Public Health Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, I.R. Iran
autor
- School of Public Health & Institute of Public Health Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, I.R. Iran
autor
- School of Public Health & Institute of Public Health Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, I.R. Iran
Bibliografia
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- 2. Keymeulen R, Gorgenyi M, Heberger K, Priksane A, Van Langenbove H. Benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene and xylenes in ambient air and Pinups sylvestries L. needles: a comparative study between Belgium, Hungary, and Latvia. Atmos Environ 2001;35:6327–35.
- 3. Sperlingova I, Dabrowska L, Stransky V, Tichy M. Preliminary study to prepare a reference material of styrene metabolites mandelic acid and phenylglyoxylic acid in human urine. Accred Qual Assur 2003; 8:113–6.
- 4. Scherer G, Renner T, Meger M. Analysis and evaluation of trans,trans-muconic acid as a biomarker for benzene exposure. J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci Appl 1998; 717:179–99.
- 5. International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). Some industrial chemicals and dyestuffs. Benzene (IARC monographs on the evaluation of the carcinogenic risk of chemicals to humans, vol. 29). Lyon, France: IARC; 1982.
- 6. Ducos P, Gaudin R, Robert A, Francin JM, Maire C. Improvement in HPLC analysis of urinary trans,trans-muconic acid, a promising substitute for phenol in the assessment of benzene exposure. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 1990;62:529–34.
- 7. Ducos P, Gaudin R, Bel J, Maire C, Francin JM, Robert A, et al. Trans,trans-Muconic acid, a reliable biological indicator for the detection of individual benzene exposure down to the ppm level. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 1992;64:309–13.
- 8. Ruppert T, Scherer G, Tricker RA, Adlkofer F. Trans,trans-muconic acid as a biomarker of non-occupational environmental exposure to benzene. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 1997;69:247–51.
- 9. McDowall RD. Sample preparation for biomedical analysis. J Chromatogr 1989; 492:3–53.
- 10. McDowall RD. Sample preparation for HPLC analysis of drugs in biological fluids. J Phrm Biomed Anal 1989;7:1087–96.
- 11. Shahtaheri SJ, Katmeh MF, Kwasowski P, Stevenson D. Development and optimization of an immunoaffinity-based solid phase extraction for chlortoluron. J Chromatogr A 1995;697:131–6.
- 12. Shahtaheri SJ, Kwasowski P, Stevenson D. Highly selective antibody-mediated extraction of isoproturon from complex matrices. Chromatographia 1998;47:453–6.
- 13. Poole SK, Dean TA, Oudsema JW, Poole CF. Sample preparation for chromatographic separation: an overview. Analytica Chimica Acta 1990;236:3–42.
- 14. Hennion MC, Scribe P. Sample handling strategies for the analysis of organic compounds from environmental water samples. In: Barcelo D, editor. Environmental analysis, techniques, application and quality assurance, Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Elsevier Science; 1993. p. 23–77.
- 15. Maria DF, Solid phase microextraction. J Chromatogr A 2000;889:3–14.
- 16. Shahtaheri SJ, Stevenson D. Evaluation of factors influencing recovery of herbicide MCPA from drinking water. Iran J Public Health 2001;30:15–20.
- 17. Ibrahim AE, Suffet HL. Freon FC-113 an alternative to methylene chloride for liquidliquid extraction of trace organics from chlorinated drinking water. J Chromatogr A 1988;454:217–32.
- 18. Liu S, Pleil JD. Optimized determination of trace jet fuel volatile organic compounds in human blood using in-field liquid-liquid extraction with subsequent laboratory gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis and on-column large-volume injection. J Chromatogr B 2001;752:159–71.
- 19. Focant JF, Pirar C, Pauw ED. Automated sample preparation-fractionation for the measurement of dioxins and related compounds in biological matrices: a review. Talanta 2004;63:1101–13.
- 20. Pettersson J, Kloskowski A, Zaniol C, Roeraade J. Automated high-capacity sorption probe for extraction of organic compounds in aqueous samples followed by gas chromatographic analysis. J Chromatogr A 2004;1033:339–47.
- 21. Hennion MC. Solid-phase extraction: method development, sorbents, and coupling with liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 1999;856:3–54.
- 22. Colin FD, Ajith DG, Revathy S. Contributions of theory to method development in solidphase extraction. J Chromatogr A 2000; 885:17–39.
- 23. Laurens JB, Mbinda XY, Spies JH, Ubbink JB, Vermaak WJH. Validated method for quantitation of biomarkers for benzene and its alkylated analogues in urine. J Chromatogr. B 2002;774:173–85.
- 24. Shui G, Leong PL. Separation and determination of organic acids and phenolic compounds in fruit juices and drinks by high performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2002;977:89–96.
- 25. Tormo M, Izco JM. Alternative reversedphase high-performance liquid chromatography method to analyze organic acids in dairy products. J Chromatogr A 2004; 1033:305–10.
Typ dokumentu
Bibliografia
Identyfikator YADDA
bwmeta1.element.baztech-8ea6842d-1536-4f23-aa5e-22ad920cadd2
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