Copper sulphosalts in early metallurgy (2600-1900 BC) - chemical-mineralogical investigation of artefacts from southern Poland

Bugaj, Urszula; Nejbert, Krzysztof; Ilnicki, Sławomir; Wieciński, Piotr; Onyszczuk, Tomasz; Garbacz, Halina; Włodarczak, Piotr

doi:10.7306/gq.1473

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Tytuł artykułu

Copper sulphosalts in early metallurgy (2600-1900 BC) - chemical-mineralogical investigation of artefacts from southern Poland

Autorzy

Bugaj Urszula , Nejbert Krzysztof , Ilnicki Sławomir , Wieciński Piotr , Onyszczuk Tomasz , Garbacz Halina , Włodarczak Piotr

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DOI

10.7306/gq.1473

Warianty tytułu

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Abstrakty

We describe a methodology of investigation of both Cu metal matrix and its mineral inclusions that aims at increasing the effectiveness of identifying the type of ore used in metal production. We point to sulphosalt ores as the main source of metal for the Final Neolithic/Early Bronze Age copper artefacts from southern Poland. The inclusions, rich in Ag, As, Sb and Sn, document the type of ore, regardless of the metallurgical process leading to depletion of As and Sb. The copper metal should contain neither Sb nor As, hence both of these elements, if originally present in ore, can be preserved only in inclusions. The concentrations of Ag, Sb, As and Sn in the artefacts investigated, the presence of inclusions, and their chemical composition, are the key indicators for the determination of the mineralogical composition of the original ores. Given the high concentrations of Sb, As and Ag in the Cu metal and mineralogy of the inclusions, the ore must have contained varying proportions of Ag-bearing tetrahedrite (Cu,Fe)₁₂Sb₄S₁₃ and tennantite (Cu,Fe)₁₂As₄S₁₃. Mineralogical compositions of the copper ores indicate the deposits in Slovakia (Spania Dolina) as the source of metal for the artefacts investigated. The results of Pb and Cu isotopic analyses carried out for this study support those conclusions.

Słowa kluczowe

copper metallurgy SEM-EPMA Pb isotopes Cu isotopes Final Neolithic/Early Bronze Age Mierzanowicka culture

Wydawca

Państwowy Instytut Geologiczny - Państwowy Instytut Badawczy

Czasopismo

Geological Quarterly

Rocznik

2019

Tom

Vol. 63, No. 2

Strony

302--318

Opis fizyczny

Bibliogr. 77 poz., rys., tab., wykr.

Twórcy

autor

Bugaj Urszula

bugaj.urszula@gmail.com

Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Archaeology and Ethnology, al. Solidarności 105, 00-140 Warszawa, Poland

autor

Nejbert Krzysztof

University of Warsaw, Faculty of Geology, Żwirki i Wigury 93, 02-089 Warszawa, Poland

autor

Ilnicki Sławomir

University of Warsaw, Faculty of Geology, Żwirki i Wigury 93, 02-089 Warszawa, Poland

autor

Wieciński Piotr

Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warszawa, Poland

autor

Onyszczuk Tomasz

Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Material Science and Engineering, Wołoska 141, 02-507 Warszawa, Poland

autor

Garbacz Halina

Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Material Science and Engineering, Wołoska 141, 02-507 Warszawa, Poland

autor

Włodarczak Piotr

Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Archaeology and Ethnology, Sławkowska 17, 31-016 Kraków, Poland

Bibliografia

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Uwagi

Opracowanie rekordu ze środków MNiSW, umowa Nr 461252 w ramach programu "Społeczna odpowiedzialność nauki" - moduł: Popularyzacja nauki i promocja sportu (2020).

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