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The aim of the paper is to characterise the acoustic conditions in the Baltic Sea, pointing their specific features and showing their impact on short and long term prognosis for the sound propagation. The paper contains the results of experimental and theoretical research based on a large number of in situ measurements. The acoustical climate of the Baltic Sea is difficult to characterise because of many factors influencing it. Seasonal changes in vertical sound speed distribution, typical for upper layer in shallow water, are the main factor influencing the wave propagation. But the difficulties in specifying the acoustical conditions are augmented by the appearance of anomalies as well as short term.
Słowa kluczowe
Czasopismo
Rocznik
Tom
Strony
81--86
Opis fizyczny
Bibliogr. 18 poz., rys.
Twórcy
autor
- Polish Naval Academy, Smidowicza 69,81-103 Gdynia, POLAND
autor
- Polish Naval Academy, Gdynia, POLAND
- Technical University of Koszalin, Technical University of Koszalin, Racławicka 13-17, 75-620 Koszalin, POLAND
autor
- Sea Fisheries Institute, Kołłątaja l, 81-332 Gdynia, POLAND
Bibliografia
- 1. G. A. Athanassoulis, E. K. Skarsoulis, Arrival-time perturbations of broadband tomographic signals due to sound speed disturbances, J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 97,3575-3588, 1995.
- 2. C. Bjerrum-Niese, L. Bjorno, A numerical model for time-frequency spreading of acoustic signals scattered from a moving sea surface, Proc. 3rd ECUA, FORTH-IACM, 81-86, 1996.
- 3. L. M. Brekchovskich, Ocean acoustics, Nauka, Moscow 1974.
- 4. J. Dera, Marine physics, Elsevier, Amsterdam-Oxford-New York-Tokyo 1992.
- 5. R. P. Gilbert, T. Scotti, A. Wirgin, Y. S. Xu, The unidentified object problem in a shallow ocean, J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 103, 1320-1327, 1998.
- 6. G. Grelowska, Prevailing patterns of the sound speed distributions in the environment of the Southern Baltic, Arch. Acoust., 25, 359-368, 2000.
- 7. M. Holec, J. Ratowski, Vertical distributions and gradients of the sound speed in the southern Baltic and their changes during the year, Proc. of the XXVth OSA, Poznań 1978.
- 8. D. R. Jackson, K. L. Williams, High-frequency sea-bed scattering measurements in shallow water, Proc. 3rdECUA, FORTH-IACM, 21-26, 1996.
- 9. Z. klusek, Sound propagation conditions in the southern Baltic, 10 PAS, Sopot 1990.
- 10. E. Kozaczka, G. Grelowska, P. Bittner, A. Grelowski, The influence of Vistula water on the thermodynamic and acoustic parameters of the Gulf of Gdańsk, Oceanologia, 37 (2), 277- 248,1995.
- 11. E. Kozaczka, G. Grelowska, Nonlinear properties of water, Polish Naval Academy, Gdynia 1996.
- 12. X. Lurton, J. Marchal, Long range propagation losses and reverberation levels in shallow water using an averaged intensity model, Proc. 3rdECUA, FORTH-IACM, 569-574,1996.
- 13. D. E. Norris, J. L. Spiesberger, D. W. Merdes, Comparison of basin-scale acoustic transmissions with rays and further evidence for a structured thermal field in the north-east Pacific, J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 103, 182-194, 1998.
- 14. A. Orłowski, Acoustic studies of spatial gradients in the Baltic: Implications for fish distribution, ICES J. Mar. Sci., 56, 561-570,1999.
- 15. J. Piechura, W. Walczowski, A. Beszczyńska-Moller, On the structure and dynamics of the water in the Słupsk Furrow, Oceanologia, 39 (1),35-54, 1997.
- 16. C. Rozier, D. Lesselier, T. Angell, Optimal shape reconstruction of a perfect target in shallow water. Proc, 3rdECUA,FORTH-IACM,27-32, 1996.
- 17. R. J. Urick, Principles of underwater sound, McGraw-Hill Book Company 1975.
- 18. D. E. Weston, Range relation in oceanographic acoustics, J. Sound and Vibration, 18,271- 287,1971.
Typ dokumentu
Bibliografia
Identyfikator YADDA
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