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Environmental Refugees, Suggested Solutions of the Problem in the Framework of International Law

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Warianty tytułu
PL
Uchodźcy środowiskowi, propozycje prawno-międzynarodowego rozwiązania problemu
Języki publikacji
EN
Abstrakty
EN
Some environmental changes (either natural or anthropogenic usually caused by leaving sustainable management of its natural resources) alter natural conditions to such an extent that individuals and entire communities are forced to leave their place of permanent residence and seek another that would provide them with at least the minimum subsistence level of living. Some of those journeys may be temporary and cover small distances; others may involve crossing the border of one’s homeland with no hope of ever coming back. Migrants struggle with not only their precarious financial situation, but also a wide range of legal and administrative difficulties, often compounded by social, cultural, religious, and political issues. Even though the number of people fleeing inhospitable environments is increasing every year, the international community and host countries refuse to grant them status to ensure due protection. This, however, does not relieve anybody from the obligation to search for a viable solution.
Czasopismo
Rocznik
Strony
133--139
Opis fizyczny
Bibliogr. 32 poz.
Twórcy
  • University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, The Faculty of Law and Administration Obitza 1 Street, 10 702 Olsztyn, Poland
Bibliografia
  • 1. African Union Convention for the Protection and Assistance of Internally Displaced Persons in Africa (Kampala Convention), 2009, https://au.int/en/treaties/african-union-convention-protection-and-assistance-internally-displaced-persons-africa (3.07.2021).
  • 2. Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions of 18 November 2011, COM(2011)743, the Global Approach To Migration And Mobility.
  • 3. Convention determining the State responsible for examining applications for asylum lodged in one of the Member States of the European Communities (Dublin Convention), 1997, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:41997A0819(01)&from=EN.
  • 4. Council Directive 2001/55/EC of 20 July 2001 on minimum standards for giving temporary protection in the event of a mass influx of displaced persons and on measures promoting a balance of efforts between Member States in receiving such persons and bearing the consequences thereof, OJ L 212, 7 August 2001: 12-23.
  • 5. Council Directive 2003/9/EC of 27 January 2003 laying down minimum standards for the reception of asylum seekers, The Official Journal of the EU, L 031, 06 February 2003: 18-25.
  • 6. Council Directive 2004/83/EC of 29 April 2004 on minimum standards for the qualification and status of third-country nationals or stateless persons as refugees or as persons who otherwise need international protection and the content of the protection granted, OJ L 304, 30 September 2004: 12-23.
  • 7. Council Directive 2005/85/EC of 1 December 2005 on minimum standards on procedures in Member States for granting and withdrawing refugee status, The Official Journal of the EU,13 December 2005, L 326/13.
  • 8. Cyprus: Refugee Law of 2000 [Cyprus], No. 6(I) of 2000, https://www.refworld.org/docid/4a71aac22.html (20.07.2021).
  • 9. Decreto Legislativo No. 286 of 25 July 1998, Testo unico delle disposizioni concernenti la disciplina dell’immigrazione e norme sulla condizione dello straniero, https://www.esteri.it/mae/normative/normativa_consolare/visti/d_lgs_25_luglio_1998_n_286.pdf.(19.07.2021).
  • 10. Directive 2011/95/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 December 2011 on standards for the qualification of third-country nationals or stateless persons as beneficiaries of international protection, for a uniform status for refugees or for persons eligible for subsidiary protection, and for the content of the protection granted, The Official Journal of the European Union, L 337, 20 December 2011: 9-26.
  • 11. Directive 2013/32/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 June 2013 on common procedures for granting and withdrawing international protection (recast), Official Journal of the European Union, L 180, 29 June 2013: 60-95.
  • 12. Directive 2013/33/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 June 2013 laying down standards for the reception of applicants for international protection, The Official Journal of the European Union, L 180, 29 June 2013: 96-116.
  • 13. Immigration and Nationality Act, (8 U.S.C. 1254a), https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title8-section1254a&num=0&edition=prelim (14.07.2021).
  • 14. International Conference on the Great Lakes Region, Protocol on the Protection and Assistance to Internally Displaced Persons, 2006, https://www.refworld.org/pdfid/52384fe44.pdf (13.07.2021).
  • 15. Norge: Aliens Act (301/2004, amendments up to 1152/2010 included), https://www.finlex.fi/en/laki/kaannokset/2004/en20040301.pdf (14.07.2021).
  • 16. Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on minimum standards for the qualification and status of third-country nationals or stateless persons as beneficiaries of international protection and the content of the protection granted, Brussels, 21.10.2009, COM(2009) 551 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=COM:2009:0551:FIN:EN:PDF (29.06.2021).
  • 17. Protocol on the Protection and Assistance to Internally Displaced Persons, 2006, https://www.refworld.org/pdfid/52384fe44.pdf.
  • 18. Regulation (EU) No 604/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 June 2013 establishing the criteria and mechanisms for determining the Member State responsible for examining an application for international protection lodged in one of the Member States by a third-country national or a stateless person, The Official Journal of the EU, L 180, 29 June 2013: 31.
  • 19. Resolution 1655, 2009, Environmentally induced migration and displacement: a 21st-century challenge, http://assembly.coe.int/nw/xml/XRef/Xref-XML2HTML-en.asp?fileid=17719&lang=en (29.06.2021).
  • 20. Stockholm Programme, Council Document No. 17024/09, adopted by the European Council on 1-2 December 2009: http://ec.europa.eu/home-affairs/policies/intro/policies_intro_en.htm.(7.07.2021).
  • 21. Swedish Aliens Act, (716/2005), https://www.government.se/contentassets/784b3d7be3a54a0185f284bbb2683055/aliens-act-2005_716.pdf.(14.07.2021).
  • 22. UN, 1992, United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/United_Nations_Framework_Convention_on_Climate_Change.
  • 23. UN, 1951, The Refugee Convention, 1https://www.unhcr.org/4ca34be29.pdf.
  • 24. BIERMANN F., I. BOAS, 2010, Preparing for a Warmer World: Towards a Global Governance System to Protect Climate Refugees, Global Environmental Politics, 1(10): 60-88, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/227627225_Preparing_for_a_Warmer_World_Towards_a_Global_Governance_System_to_Protect_Climate_Refugees (25.08.2021).
  • 25. DANILOVIĆ HRISTIĆ N., STEFANOVIĆ N., 2020, Does Appearance of the Migrants Change Citizens Perception of the Public Space? Case Study of Disturbed Sustainability, Belgrade, Serbia, Problemy Ekorozwoju/ Problems of Sustainable Development, 15(1): 71-80.
  • 26. EMENIKE K.O., 2021, Impact of Coronavirus Pandemic on Financial Market Stability in Africa, Problemy Ekorozwoju/Problems of Sustainable Development,16(2): 18-25.
  • 27. KOLMANNSKOG V., F. MYRSTAD, 2009, Environmental Displacement in European Asylum Law, European Journal of Migration and Law, 11(4): 313-326.
  • 28. KRALER A., T. CERNEI, M. NOACK, 2011, Directorate-general for internal policies. ‘Climate refugees’ Legal and policy responses to environmentally induced migration. Policy Department C: Citizens’ Rights and Constitutional Affairs European Parliament, Brussels, http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/etudes/join/2011/462422/IPOL-LIBE_ET(2011)462422_EN.pdf (11.07.2021).
  • 29. PROKURAT S., 2019, Skills, administration and age management: A call for institutional arrangements for new migrants arriving in Europe, Journal of Modern Studies, 40(1): 253-270.
  • 30. RYDZEWSKI P., 2020, Immigration and Social Aspects of Sustainable Development. The Case of Germany, Problemy Ekorozwoju/ Problems of Sustainable Development, 15(1): 25-31.
  • 31. SITEK M., 2019, Human/ society's right to information on the environment. Reception of selected issues of the Aarhus Convention into the EU and Polish law, Journal of Modern Studies 42(3): 181-194.
  • 32. SKORZYCKI M., 2017, Wspólnotowy wymiar polityki imigracyjnej Unii Europejskiej w obliczu wyzwań związanych ze zwiększonym napływem imigrantów w 2015 r., Przegląd Europejski, 44(2): 82-117, http://przegladeuropejski.wnpism.uw.edu.pl/zasoby/pliki/44/5-Skorzycki.pdf (13.07.2021).
Uwagi
Opracowanie rekordu ze środków MEiN, umowa nr SONP/SP/546092/2022 w ramach programu "Społeczna odpowiedzialność nauki" - moduł: Popularyzacja nauki i promocja sportu (2022-2023).
Typ dokumentu
Bibliografia
Identyfikator YADDA
bwmeta1.element.baztech-8aa49fea-b546-4066-badf-69f6ec7a9fbc
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