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This paper focuses on the technical problem of repairing the main operating elements of heavy vehicles (semitrailers, dumps, and drums). If these vehicles are in service, significant changes in work schedules can occur, and costs can be generated immediately. Therefore, using the correct technology for repairs is crucial to minimizing financial and logistic difficulties. The article aims to analyze the mechanical properties of an MMA (Manual Metal Arc) welding (covered electrodes) joint made of Hardox 450 steel. This kind of material has a martensitic microstructure, which is difficult to weld because of changes in the components to the other ones during the joint process. Other inconveniences are related to the different chemical composition of steel and covered electrodes, their mechanical resistance, and thermodynamic conditions (consisting of the pre-heating temperature and the cross-pass temperature). Therefore, the joint quality should be determined using a few methods. In this case, NDT (magnetic and radiographic tests) and DT (microstructural analysis and static as well as fatigue tests) were used. All obtained results have enabled the proposed guides for the MMA welding of the steel grade. This is indicated as follows: (1) the method of bevelling the sheets before welding should be used, (2) pre-heating is necessary at temperature levels of 100 C and 125 C, and (3) the recommended interstitial temperature is between 170 C and 200°C.
Czasopismo
Rocznik
Tom
Strony
83--96
Opis fizyczny
Bibliogr. 25 poz.
Twórcy
autor
- Silesian University of Technology, Krasińskiego 8, Katowice, 40-019, Poland
autor
- Silesian University of Technology, Krasińskiego 8, Katowice, 40-019, Poland
autor
- Motor Transport Institute, Jagiellonska 80, Warsaw, 03-301, Poland
autor
- Silesian University of Technology, Krasińskiego 8, Katowice, 40-019, Poland
autor
- University WSB Merito Gdansk, Grunwaldzka 238A, Gdansk, 80-266, Poland
Bibliografia
- 1. The automotive aluminum manual. European Aluminium Association. 2013. 84 p.
- 2. Automotive Advanced High Strength Steel (AHSS) Market Professional Survey Report 2019. December 4, 2019.
- 3. Hardox® 450 in concrete mixer drums enables a saving of one in six loads. Available at: https://www.ssab.com/en/news/2015/04/hardox-450-in-concrete-mixer-drums-enables-a-saving-of- one-in-six-loads.
- 4. AHSS/UHSS applications for trucks and light commercial vehicles. Available at: https://www.ssab.com/en-us/brands-and-products/docol/ahss-uhss-applications-for-heavy-trucks.
- 5. Less weight makes light work. Available at: https://www.ssab.com/en-ca/brands-and- products/hardox/customer-cases/2019/ecoupgraded-mining-backhoe-bucket.
- 6. Welding handbook. A guide to better welding of hardox and strenx, HB051 - Welding handoon-UK- V2-2019. Hoglund Design AB, Osterbergs & Somlandstryck. Edition 2, SSAB, 2019. 135 p.
- 7. Welding of AHSS/UHSS steel, A guide for the automotive industry, en-Docol - Welding handbook- v2-2022. Confetti, SSAB. 2022. 56 p.
- 8. Welding of Hardox, 103- en-Welding Hardox® wear plate- V2-2020- AplusM-Osterbergs Trucker. SSAB. 2020. 24 p.
- 9. Herrmann, C. & Dewulf, W. & Hauschild, M. & Kaluza, A. & Kara, S. & Skerlos, S. Life cycle engineering of lightweight structures. CIRP Annals. 2018. Vol. 67(2). P. 651-672. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cirp.2018.05.008.
- 10. Kozłowski, E. & Borucka, A. & Szymczak, T. & Świderski, A. & Gil, L. Predicting the fatigue life of a ball joint. Transport and Telecommunication. 2021. Vol. 22. No. 4. P. 453-460.
- 11. Middle Concrete Mixer Truck. Available at: https://www.sanqgroup.com/concrete_mixer_truck.
- 12. Darabi, J. & Ekula, K. Development of a chip-integrated micro cooling device. Microelectronics Journal. 2016. Vol. 34. No. 11. P. 1067-1074. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mejo.2003.09.010.
- 13. Jaewson, L. & Kamran, A. & Jwo, P. Modeling of failure mode of laser welds in lap-shear specimens of HSLA steel sheets. Engineering Fracture Mechanics. 2011. Vol. 1. P. 347-396.
- 14. Evans, G.M. The effect of micro-alloying elements on the microstructure and properties offerritic all-weld metal deposits. IIW Doc II-A-855-92. 1992. P. 1-20.
- 15. Hadryś, D. Impact load of welds after micro-jet cooling. Archives of Metallurgy and Materials.2015. Vol. 60. No. 4. P. 2525-2528. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/amm-2015-0409.
- 16. Golański, D. & Chmielewski, T. & Skowrońska, B. & Rochalski, D. Advanced Applications of Microplasma Welding. Biuletyn Instytutu Spawalnictwa w Gliwicach. 2018. Vol. 62. No. 5. P. 53¬63. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17729/ebis.2018.5/5.
- 17. Silva, A. & Szczucka-Lasota, B. & Węgrzyn, T. & Jurek, A. MAG welding of S700MC steel used in transport means with the operation of low arc welding method. Welding Technology Review. 2019. Vol. 91. No. 3. P. 23-30.
- 18. Krupicz, B. & Tarasiuk, W. & Barsukov, V.G. & Sviridenok, A.I. Experimental evaluation of the influence of mechanical properties of contacting materials on gas abrasive wear of steels in sandblasting systems. Journal of Friction and Wear. 2020. Vol. 41. No. 1. P. 1-5.
- 19. Shwachko, V.L. Cold cracking of structural steel weldments as reversible hydrogen embrittlement effect. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. 2000. Vol. 25. No. 5. P. 473-480.
- 20. Mazur, M. & Grela, P. Badania porównawcze wodoru dyfundującego ze stopiwa metodami glicerynową i rtęciową. Biuletyn Instytutu Spawalnictwa. 2002. Vol. 1. [In Polish: Comparative studies of hydrogen diffusing from the weld metal using the glycerine and mercury methods. Bulletin of the Welding Institute].
- 21. Łabanowski, J. & Fydrych, D. Oznaczanie zawartości wodoru dyfundującego w stopiwie. Prace Naukowe Politechniki Warszawskiej. II Sympozjum Naukowe Zakładu Inżynierii Spajania Politechniki Warszawskiej. Warsaw 2008. [In Polish: Determination of the content of hydrogen diffusing in the weld metal. Scientific works of the Warsaw University of Technology. 2nd Scientific Symposium of the Department of Bonding Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology].
- 22. PN-EN ISO 3690: 2005. Spawanie i procesy spawaniu pokrewne - Oznaczanie zawartości wodoru w stopiwie ferrytycznym wykonanym łukowo. Warszawa: Polski Komitet Normalizacyjny. [In Polish: Welding and related welding processes - Determination of hydrogen content in ferritic arc weld metal. Warsaw: Polish Committee for Standardization].
- 23. Kasuya, T. & Hashiba, Y. & Ohkita, S. & Fuji, M. Hydrogen distribution in multipass submerged arc weld metals. Science and Technology of Welding & Joining. 2001. Vol. 6. No. 4. P. 261-266. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1179/136217101101538767.
- 24. Skowrońska, B. & Szulc J. & Chmielewski T. & Golański D. Wybrane właściwości złączy spawanych stali S700MC wykonanych metodą hybrydową plazma + MAG. Welding Technology Review. 2017. Vol. 89. No. 10. P. 104-111. [In Polish: Selected properties of welded joints of S700MC steel made using the hybrid plasma + MAG method]. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.26628/ps.v89i10.825.
- 25. Świderski, A. & Borucka, A. & Jacyna-Gołda, I. & Szczepański, E. Wear of brake system components in various operating conditions of vehicle in the transport company. Eksploatacja i Niezawodnosc-Maintenance and Reliability. 2019. Vol. 21. No. 1. P. 1-9. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17531/ein.2019.1.1.
Typ dokumentu
Bibliografia
Identyfikator YADDA
bwmeta1.element.baztech-8a3cb84f-57a2-4d1b-9e17-2d58405e50b4