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An evaluation of anti-terrorism laws in Pakistan: Lessons from the past and challenges for the future

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EN
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EN
Terrorism has changed the national and international security milieu over the last few years; however, there have been metamorphoses in the phenomenon of defining security in light of new threats of terrorism. This research critically evaluates the anti-terrorism legal regime of Pakistan along with its structural flaws. While vigorous efforts to defeat terrorism have taken place in Pakistan, much needs to be done to achieve de-radicalisation along with identifying and addressing areas of vulnerability. This research moves in three directions: firstly, it looks into the background of extremism in terms of ethnic and sectarian conflicts that led Pakistan to embark on the journey to combat terrorism; secondly, it evaluates how these laws aimed exclusively at countering terrorism have not been as effective as hoped; and thirdly, it offers an in-depth analysis of flaws in the judicial system and analysis of capacity gaps in relation to prosecution of terrorist offences in Pakistan. Lastly, this research makes recommendations for eliminating the causes of institutional and legal inefficiencies that feed and nurture terrorism in Pakistan. The qualitative method is used in this research, which holds that Pakistan needs to make effective structural changes to implement counterterrorism strategies constructively, such as, capacity-building of judiciary and law enforcement agencies, acceptance of innovation in investigation methods, amendments in procedural laws and comprehensive, unambiguous and detailed legislation. Amendments to existing anti-terrorism laws need to be adapted to the changing security trends in the region. In order to combat the high rate of acquittal under these laws, a strong and focused approach is required.
Słowa kluczowe
Rocznik
Strony
16--30
Opis fizyczny
Bibliogr. 32 poz.
Twórcy
autor
  • Nadira Hassan Law Department, Kinnaird College for Women, Pakistan
Bibliografia
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  • 3. Dawn (2010) Marriott bombing accused acquitted. Available at: https://www.dawn.com/news/8520... (Accessed: 24 June 2021).
  • 4. Dawn (2021) Four “militants” killed in gunfight with CTD personnel. Available at: https://www.dawn.com/news/1629... (Accessed: 25 June 2021).
  • 5. Economic Times (2021) Moderated by Al-Qaeda, TTP oversaw reunification of splinter groups in Afghanistan: UN. Available at: https://economictimes.indiatim... (Accessed: 25 June 2021).
  • 6. Fair, C. Ch. (2012) ‘Pakistan in 2011: Ten years of the “war on terror”’, Asian Survey 52(1), pp. 100–113. doi: 10.1525/as.2012.52.1.100.
  • 7. Imran, M. and Qasim, R. (2020) ‘Anti-terrorism legal framework in Pakistan and challenges before the criminal justice system’, Pakistan Journal of International Affairs, 3(2), pp. 236-262. doi: 10.52337/pjia.v3i2.29.
  • 8. Kennedy, Ch. H. (2004) ‘The creation and development of Pakistan’s anti-terrorism regime, 1997–2002’, in Limaye S.P., Malik, M. and Wirsing, R.G. (eds.) Religious radicalism and security in South Asia. Honolulu, Hawaii: Asia Pacific Centre for Security Studies, pp. 387-411. Available at: https://apcss.org/wp-content/u.... (Accessed: 30 June 2021.
  • 9. Law & Justice Commission of Pakistan (2021) Law of Evidence. Available at: http://www.ljcp.gov.pk/Menu%20... (Accessed: 26 June 2021).
  • 10. Looney, R. (2004) ‘Failed economic take-offs and terrorism in Pakistan: Conceptualizing a proper role for U.S. assistance’, Asian Survey, 44(6), pp. 771–793. doi: 10.1525/as.2004.44.6.771.
  • 11. Malik, Z., He, Z. and Rafay, M. (2019) ‘War on terrorism in Pakistan: Challenges and strategic steps’, Vestnik RUDN. International Relations, 19(4), pp. 625–631. doi: 10.22363/2313-0660-2019-19-4-625-631.
  • 12. Michael, S. (2007) ‘Terrorism a socio-economic and political phenomenon with special reference to Pakistan’, Journal of Management and Social Sciences, 3(1), pp. 35–46.
  • 13. Nasr, V.R. (2000) ‘International politics, domestic imperatives, and identity mobilization: Sectarianism in Pakistan, 1979–1998’, Comparative Politics, 32(2), p. 171. doi: 10.2307/422396.
  • 14. Pakistani.org. (2018) The Constitution of Pakistan. Available at: http://www.pakistani.org/pakis... (Accessed: 5 June 2021).
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  • 16. Public Procurement Regulatory Authority (Pakistan) (2001) Anti-terrorism (amendment) ordinance, 2001 (August 14, 2001), to the ATA, 1997. Islamabad, Pakistan: PPRA.
  • 17. Refugee Review Tribunal Australia (2008) Available at: http://www.refworld.org/pdfid/... (Accessed: 15 June 2021).
  • 18. Research Society of International Law (RSIL) (2013) The case for a change, a review of Pakistan’s Anti-Terrorism Act of 1997. A report by the RSIL. Islamabad, Pakistan: RSIL.
  • 19. Siddiqui, N. (2021) 5 FC men martyred in Sibi terrorist attack: ISPR. Available at: https://www.dawn.com/news/1631... (Accessed: 25 June 2021).
  • 20. South Asia Terrorism Portal (SATP) (2021) Terrorism assessment, Pakistan. Available at: https://www.satp.org/terrorism... (Accessed: 20 June 2021).
  • 21. Supreme Court of Pakistan (1998) Mehram Ali versus Federation of Pakistan. PLD 1445. Islamabad, Pakistan: Supreme Court of Pakistan.
  • 22. Supreme Court of Pakistan (1999) Sheikh Liaqat Hussain and others vs. Federation of Pakistan. PLD 504. Islamabad, Pakistan: Supreme Court of Pakistan.
  • 23. The Indian Express (2021) Pakistan to remain on FATF grey list. Available at: https://indianexpress.com/arti... (Accessed: 28 June 2021).
  • 24. The Nation (2015) POPA and political victimisation. Available at: https://nation.com.pk/20-Oct-2... (Accessed: 20 June 2021).
  • 25. The Stationery Office Limited, UK (2000a) Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act 2000. Available at: https://www.legislation.gov.uk... (Accessed: 29 June 2021).
  • 26. The Stationery Office Limited, UK (2000b) Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act, 2000, 48 Eliz. 2. Available at https://www.legislation.gov.uk... (Accessed 29 June 2021).
  • 27. The Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978 (FISA). Available at https://bja.ojp.gov/program/it... (Accessed: 20 June 2021).
  • 28. United Nations (2019) Welcome to the United Nations. Available at: https://www.un.org (Accessed: 29 June 2021).
  • 29. United Nations Security Council (2021) ‘Security Council Press Statement on Terrorist Attack in Quetta, Pakistan’. Available at: https://www.un.org/press/en/20... (Accessed: 30 December 2021).
  • 30. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) (2008) UNODC/TBP workshop on international cooperation in terrorist cases, Vienna 25–27 August 2008. Available at: http://www.sindhhighcourt.gov.....
  • 31. US Congress (2006) Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978, Pub. L. No. 95-511, 92 Stat. 1783 (codified as amended at 50 USC. §§ 1801–1811 [2006]).
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Typ dokumentu
Bibliografia
Identyfikator YADDA
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