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Warianty tytułu
Języki publikacji
Abstrakty
The major global automotive markets have all set limits for exhaust emissions from new road vehicles, which have become increasingly stringent over the past few decades. There is also considerable pressure to reduce fuel consumption and CO2 emissions – around 80% of all new passenger cars sold globally are subject to some kind of energy efficiency regulation. Such legal requirements necessitate extensive R&D and testing and the entire field is undergoing a period of rapid change. Despite a recent trend towards harmonisation, at present significant regional differences exist, which vary from the analytical laboratory methods specified, the list of regulated pollutants, the numerical values of the emissions limits and the test cycles employed for engine and chassis dynamometer testing of vehicles and their powertrains. Here the key points are reviewed and strategies and technologies employed to deal with these emissions challenges are discussed. Incoming automotive emissions regulations including the WLTP and Real Driving Emissions are discussed and in conclusion likely directions in powertrain technology are identified.
Czasopismo
Rocznik
Tom
Strony
62--75
Opis fizyczny
Bibliogr. 35 poz., wykr.
Twórcy
autor
- Engine Research Department, BOSMAL Automotive Research and Development Institute Ltd in Bielsko-Biała
autor
- Engine Research Department, BOSMAL Automotive Research and Development Institute Ltd in Bielsko-Biała
Bibliografia
- [1] AVL Emissions Testing Handbook – 2016.
- [2] Badshah, H., Kittelson, D., Northrop W. Particle Emissions from Light-Duty Vehicles during Cold-Cold Start, SAE Int. J. Engines 9(3):2016, doi:10.4271/2016-01-0997.
- [3] Badur, J., Kohler, F., Schmidt, H. Real Driving Emissions (RDE) – status of discussion and practical implementation. 37th International Vienna Motor Symposium 28-29 April 2016.
- [4] Bielaczyc, P., Szczotka, A., Woodburn, J. Regulated and Unregulated Exhaust Emissions from CNG Fueled Vehicles in Light of Euro 6 Regulations and the New WLTP/GTR 15 Test Procedure, SAE Int. J. Engines 8(3):2015, doi:10.4271/2015-01-1061.
- [5] Bielaczyc, P., Woodburn, J., Szczotka, A. A Comparison of Carbon Dioxide Exhaust Emissions and Fuel Consumption for Vehicles Tested over the NEDC, FTP-75 and WLTC Chassis Dynamometer Test Cycles, SAE Technical Paper 2015-01-1065, 2015, doi:10.4271/2015-01-1065.
- [6] Bielaczyc, P., Woodburn, J., Szczotka, A. Investigations into Particulate Emissions from Euro 5 Passenger Cars with DISI Engines Tested at Multiple Ambient Temperatures, SAE Technical Paper 2015-24-2517, 2015, doi:10.4271/2015-24-2517.
- [7] Bielaczyc, P., Woodburn, J., Szczotka, A. Particulate Emissions from European Vehicles Featuring Direct Injection Spark Ignition Engines Tested Under Laboratory Conditions, SAE Int. J. Fuels Lubr. 7(2):580-590, 2014, doi:10.4271/2014-01-1608
- [8] Bielaczyc, P., Woodburn, J., Szczotka, A. Exhaust Emissions of Gaseous and Solid Pollutants Measured over the NEDC, FTP-75 and WLTC Chassis Dynamometer Driving Cycles, SAE Technical Paper 2016-01-1008, 2016, doi:10.4271/2016-01-1008
- [9] Bielaczyc, P. Which strategy is better for emissions control – the EU or the US?: and introduction to the question. CE-2016-301, Proceedings of the 5th International Exhaust Emissions Symposium 19-20 May 2016, BOSMAL, Bielsko-Biala (Poland), ISBN No. 978-83-931383-9-5.
- [10] Cambridge Econometrics & ICCT. Oil Market Futures - A report for the European Climate Foundation, April 2016.
- [11] Delphi, Worldwide Emissions Standards Passenger Cars Light Duty 2016-2017
- [12] Engeljehringer, K. Global emission regulations and testing methods on the local differences. CE-2016-304, Proceedings of the 5th International Exhaust Emissions Symposium 19-20 May 2016, BOSMAL, Bielsko-Biala (Poland), ISBN No. 978-83-931383-9-5.
- [13] European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), IET - Institute for Energy and Transport Sustainable Transport Unit. RDE cold-start provisions - Contribution to the RDE working group, 18 May 2016.
- [14] European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), IET - Institute for Energy and Transport Sustainable Transport Unit. RDE testing of Hybrid Vehicles - Contribution to the RDE working group, 18 May 2016.
- [15] Farrell, J. Optima Programme Overview. Optima Stakeholder Listening Day June 16, 2015, U.S Department of Energy.
- [16] Fraidl, G. Impact of Extended Emission Compliance on Passenger Car Powertrain Technology Conference Proceedings of “CO2 reduction for Transportation System” June 29-30, Politecnico Torino, Italy.
- [17] Franco, V., Muncrief, R., Mock, P., German, J. Vehicle emission standard design and enforcement approaches in the EU and US. CE-2016-302, Proceedings of the 5th International Exhaust Emissions Symposium 19-20 May 2016, BOSMAL, Bielsko-Biala (Poland), ISBN No. 978-83-931383-9-5.
- [18] Giechaskiel, B., Riccobono, F., Weiss, M. Real-Driving Emissions (RDE) Update on Particle Number (PN) measurements with Portable Emission Measurement Systems (PEMS). 1 June 2016, Stuttgart (Germany).
- [19] Hill, L. Real Driving Emissions for Light Duty Vehicle (RDE-LDV) Legislation & OBS Update, 2016 Horiba Ltd (not published).
- [20] Johnson, T. Vehicular Emissions in Review" SAE Int. J. Engines 9(2):1258-1275, 2016, doi:10.4271/2016-01-0919.
- [21] Koczak, J., Boehman, A., Brusstar, M. Particulate Emissions in GDI Vehicle Transients: An Examination of FTP, HWFET, and US06 Measurements, SAE Technical Paper 2016-01-0992, 2016, doi:10.4271/2016-01-0992.
- [22] Maggiore, M. Road Transport Decarbonisation in the European Research Perspective. Conference Proceedings of “CO2 reduction for Transportation System” June 29-30, Politecnico Torino, Italy.
- [23] Merkisz, J., Pielecha, J., Bielaczyc, P., Woodburn, J. Analysis of Emission Factors in RDE Tests As Well as in NEDC and WLTC Chassis Dynamometer Tests, SAE Technical Paper 2016-01-0980, 2016, doi:10.4271/2016-01-0980.
- [24] Myung, C.L., Ko, A., Park, S. Review on characterization of nano-particle emissions and PM morphology from internal combustion engines: Part 1, Int.J Automot. Technol. (2014) 15: 203.
- [25] Olechiw, M. USEPA Light-duty Greenhouse Gas Emission Programs and Midterm Evaluation. 37th International Vienna Motor Symposium 28-29 April 2016.
- [26] Panel discussion “An executive view of powertrains powering the possibilities” on 13th April 2016 at the SAE 2016 World Congress and Exhibition, Detroit, USA.
- [27] Samaras, Z. The World Harmonized Test Protocol: How will the new Regulation affect CO2 emissions from modern passenger cars? Conference Proceedings of “CO2 reduction for Transportation System” June 29-30 2016, Politecnico Torino, Italy.
- [28] Steininger, N. World Light duty Test Procedures: Coming Closer to Reality. European Commission, DG Growth.
- [29] Technical Expert Panel Discussion: “Sub-23 nm Particle Emissions from Engines (PFL499) on 14th April 2016 at the SAE 2016 World Congress and Exhibition, Detroit, USA.
- [30] Technical Expert Panel Discussion: “What will be the Impact of PEMS Testing on Future Vehicle Emissions Regulations, Market and Technology?” on 13th April 2016 at the SAE 2016 World Congress and Exhibition, Detroit, USA.
- [31] Vlachos, T. et al. The Euro 6 Real Driving Emissions (RDE) procedure for light-duty vehicles: Effectiveness and practical aspects. 37th International Vienna Motor Symposium 28-29 April 2016.
- [32] Wallner, T. Fuel-Engine Co-Optimization. CE-2016-320, Proceedings of the 5th International Exhaust Emissions Symposium 19-20 May 2016, BOSMAL, Bielsko-Biala (Poland), ISBN No. 978-83-931383-9-5.
- [33] Walsh, M. Car Lines 2016.
- [34] Zhao, F. Latest Development of Automotive Emission Regulations in China at the Panel discussion: “The global emission standards experiment” on April 13, 2016 during SAE 2016 World Congress and Exhibition, Detroit, USA.
- [35] www.eea.europa.eu – European Environment Agency.
Typ dokumentu
Bibliografia
Identyfikator YADDA
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