PL EN


Preferencje help
Widoczny [Schowaj] Abstrakt
Liczba wyników
Tytuł artykułu

The durability of concrete subject to mechanical load coupled with freeze–thaw cycles: a review

Wybrane pełne teksty z tego czasopisma
Identyfikatory
Warianty tytułu
Języki publikacji
EN
Abstrakty
EN
In cold regions, concrete structures are often subject to the coupled effect of mechanical loading with freeze–thaw (F–T) cycles, which results in a reduced service life. In this paper, the state of the art and challenges regarding the durability of concrete subjected to mechanical loading coupled with F–T cycles are reviewed in depth. The experimental setups used to simulate the coupled effect of mechanical loading with F–T cycles were summarized first, including the shapes of the specimens, operation methods, advantages, and limitations. Subsequently, relevant research methods such as numerical simulation methods and damage characterization methods were presented. Afterward, special attention was dedicated to the mechanism elaboration and performance improvement of the concrete subject to the coupled effect. Finally, some thoughts on potential directions for future work were discussed.
Rocznik
Strony
art. no. e47, 2022
Opis fizyczny
Bibliogr. 112 poz., fot., rys., wykr.
Twórcy
autor
  • School of Civil Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410075, China
  • National Engineering Research Center of High-Speed Railway Construction Technology, Changsha 410075, China
autor
  • Zhejiang Communications Investment Group Co., Ltd., Hangzhou 310020, China
autor
  • School of Civil Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410075, China
  • National Engineering Research Center of High-Speed Railway Construction Technology, Changsha 410075, China
autor
  • Key Laboratory for Green and Advanced Civil Engineering Materials and Application Technology of Hunan Province, College of Civil Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
autor
  • Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Construction Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
autor
  • School of Civil Engineering, Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi’an 710055, China
Bibliografia
  • 1. Wang W, Liu J, Agostini F, Davy CA, Skoczylas F, Corvez D. Durability of an Ultra high performance fiber reinforced concrete (UHPFRC) under progressive aging. Cem Concr Res. 2014;55:1–13.
  • 2. Bassuoni MT, Nehdi ML. Durability of self-consolidating concrete to sulfate attack under combined cyclic environments and flexural loading. Cem Concr Res. 2009;39:206–26.
  • 3. Glasser FP, Marchand J, Samson E. Durability of concrete—Degradation phenomena involving detrimental chemical reactions. Cem Concr Res. 2008;38:226–46.
  • 4. Li KF, Zhang DD, Li QW, Fan ZH. Durability for concrete structures in marine environments of HZM project: design, assessment and beyond. Cem Concr Res. 2019;115:545–58.
  • 5. Wang BX, Wang F, Wang Q. Damage constitutive models of concrete under the coupling action of freeze-thaw cycles and load based on Lemaitre assumption. Constr Build Mater. 2018;173:332–41.
  • 6. Duan A, Jin WL, Qian JE. Effect of freeze-thaw cycles on the stress-strain curves of unconfined and confined concrete. Mater Struct. 2011;44:1309–24.
  • 7. Yan BQ, Ren FH, Cai MF, Qiao C. Influence of new hydrophobic agent on the mechanical properties of modified cemented paste backfill. J Mater Res Technol. 2019;8:5716–27.
  • 8. Pan YM, Kang JG, Ichimaru S, Bolander JE. Multi-field models of fiber reinforced concrete for structural applications. Appl Sci-Basel. 2021;11:184.
  • 9. Wang Y, Wang G, Guan ZW, Ashour A, Ge WJ, Zhang P, Lu WG, Cao DF. The effect of freeze-thaw cycles on flexural behaviour of FRP-reinforced ECC beams. Arch Civ Mech Eng. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43452-021-00258-8.
  • 10. Eriksson D, Wahlbom D, Malm R, Fridh K. Hygro-thermo-mechanical modeling of partially saturated air-entrained concrete containing dissolved salt and exposed to freeze-thaw cycles. Cem Concr Res. 2021;141:106314.
  • 11. Bao JW, Wang LC. Combined effect of water and sustained compressive loading on chloride penetration into concrete. Constr Build Mater. 2017;156:708–18.
  • 12. Sun W, Zhang YM, Yan HD, Mu R. Damage and damage resistance of high strength concrete under the action of load and freeze-thaw cycles. Cem Concr Res. 1999;29:1519–23.
  • 13. Lei MF, Peng LM, Shi CH. An experimental study on durability of shield segments under load and chloride environment coupling effect. Tunn Undergr Sp Tech. 2014;42:15–24.
  • 14. Chen F, Gao JM, Qi B, Shen DM, Li LY. Degradation progress of concrete subject to combined sulfate-chloride attack under drying-wetting cycles and flexural loading. Constr Build Mater. 2017;151:164–71.
  • 15. Lei B, Li WG, Tang Z, Tam VWY, Sun ZH. Durability of recycled aggregate concrete under coupling mechanical loading and freeze-thaw cycle in salt-solution. Constr Build Mater. 2018;163:840–9.
  • 16. Chinese architecture academy of science. GB/T50082-2009 Standard for test method of long-term performance and durability of ordinary concrete. Beijing: China Architecture & Building Press (in Chinese).
  • 17. Shang HS, Zhou JH, Fan GX, Yang GT, You WJ. Study on the bond behavior of steel bars embedded in concrete under the coupling of sustained loads and chloride ion erosion. Constr Build Mater. 2021;276:121684.
  • 18. Li B, Lv XT, Hu JY, Ying Y, Qin X, Wang JF. Mesoscopic transmission model of chloride ions in concrete based on coupling influence between multiple mechanisms and external load. Adv Civ Eng Mater. 2020;9:521–38.
  • 19. Li Y, Shen AQ, Lyu ZH, Guo YC. Investigations of chlorideions permeability of pavement concrete under coupled effect of fatigue loading and hydrodynamic pressure. Int J Pavement Eng. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1080/10298436.2020.1819540.
  • 20. Cao TN, Zhang LJ, Sun GW, Wang CH, Zhang Y, Wang PS, Xu AX. Simulation of chloride ion transport in concrete under the coupled effects of a bending load and drying-wetting cycles. Constr Build Mater. 2020;241:118045.
  • 21. Zhang HR, Zhao YX. Performance of recycled concrete beams under sustained loads coupled with chloride ion (Cl-) ingress. Constr Build Mater. 2016;128:96–107.
  • 22. Ren Y, Huang Q, Liu QY, Sun JZ, Liu XL. Chloride ion diffusion of structural concrete under the coupled effect of bending fatigue load and chloride. Mater Res Innov. 2015;19:S181–4.
  • 23. Westerhout J, Cardozo NJL, Rapp J, van Rooij GJ. CH spec-troscopy for carbon chemical erosion analysis in high density low temperature hydrogen plasma. App1 Phys Lett. 2009;95:151501.
  • 24. Qiao YF, Sun W, Jiang JY. Damage process of concrete subjected to coupling fatigue load and freeze/thaw cycles. Constr Build Mater. 2015;93:806–11.
  • 25. Lei B, Li WG, Luo ZY, Li XT, Tam VWY, Tang Z. Performance deterioration of sustainable recycled aggregate concrete under combined cyclic loading and environmental actions. J Sustain Cem-Based. 2021;10:23–45.
  • 26. Rasoolinejad M, Donmez AA, Bazant ZP. Fracture and size effect suppression by mesh reinforcement of concrete and justification of empirical shrinkage and temperature reinforcement in design codes. J Eng Mech. 2020;146:04020120.
  • 27. Luo W, Le JL, Rasoolinejad M, Bazant ZP. Coefficient of variation of shear strength of RC beams and size effect. J Eng Mech. 2021;147:04020144.
  • 28. Luo Y, Qu DX, Wang G, Li XP, Zhang G. Degradation model of the dynamic mechanical properties and damage failure law of sandstone under freeze-thaw action. Soil Dyn Earthq Eng. 2020;132:106094.
  • 29. Lu JZ, Zhu KF, Tian LZ, Guo L. Dynamic compressive strength of concrete damaged by fatigue loading and freeze-thaw cycling. Constr Build Mater. 2017;152:847–55.
  • 30. Shen Y, Liu J, Zhou SY, Li GP. Experimental investigation on the freeze-thaw durability of concrete under compressive load and with joints. Constr Build Mater. 2019;229:116893.
  • 31. Hao LC, Liu YZ, Xiao JZ. Durability of recycled aggregate thermal insulation concrete under combined flexural loading and freeze-thaw cycles. Constr Build Mater. 2021;272:121652.
  • 32. Mu R, Miao CW, Luo X, Sun W. Interaction between loading, freeze-thaw cycles, and chloride salt attack of concrete with and without steel fiber reinforcement. Cem Concr Res. 2002;32:1061–6.
  • 33. Xiaojiang WA, Guan RO, Chuangbing ZH. Permeability experimental study of gritstone in deformation and failure processes. Chin J Rock Mech Eng. 2012;31:2940 (in Chinese).
  • 34. Zhou JP, Zhang DC, Xian XF, et al. Experiment study on the coupling multi-field effect on the dynamic variation of permeability in shale. Chin J Undergr Space Eng. 2018;14:613.
  • 35. Du YC, Sheng JC, Zhou Q, et al. Development and application of a permeability test system for rock coupling thermal-hydrological mechanical-chemical Processes. J Yangtze River Sci Res Inst. 2019;36:145.
  • 36. Yang ZF, Weiss WJ, Olek J. Water transport in concrete damaged by tensile loading and freeze-thaw cycling. J Mater Civil Eng. 2006;18:424–34.
  • 37. Kosior-Kazberuk M, Berkowski P. Surface scaling resistance of concrete subjected to freeze-thaw cycles and sustained load. Proc Eng. 2017;172:513–20.
  • 38. Li N, Long GC, Fu Q, Wang X, Ma KL, Xie YJ. Effects of freeze and cyclic flexural load on mechanical evolution of filling layer self-compacting concrete. Constr Build Mater. 2019;200:198–208.
  • 39. Yuan Y, Zhao RD, Li R, Wang YB, Cheng ZQ, Li FH, Ma ZGJ. Frost resistance of fiber-reinforced blended slag and Class F fly ash-based geopolymer concrete under the coupling effect of freeze-thaw cycling and axial compressive loading. Constr Build Mater. 2020;250:118831.
  • 40. Wang S, ElGawady MA. Effects of combined environmental exposures and axial load on CFFT. Constr Build Mater. 2018;184:524–35.
  • 41. Hasan M, Ueda T, Sato Y. Stress-strain relationship of frost-damaged concrete subjected to fatigue loading. J Mater Civil Eng. 2008;20:37–45.
  • 42. Yang XL, Shen AQ, Guo YC, Zhou SB, He TQ. Deterioration mechanism of interface transition zone of concrete pavement under fatigue load and freeze-thaw coupling in cold climatic areas. Constr Build Mater. 2018;160:588–97.
  • 43. Shen AQ, Lin SL, Guo YC, He TQ, Lyu ZH. Relationship between flexural strength and pore structure of pavement concrete under fatigue loads and Freeze-thaw interaction in seasonal frozen regions. Constr Build Mater. 2018;174:684–92.
  • 44. Wang YR, Cao YB, Zhang P, Ma YW, Zhao TJ, Wang H, Zhang ZH. Water absorption and chloride diffusivity of concrete under the coupling effect of uniaxial compressive load and freeze-thaw cycles. Constr Build Mater. 2019;209:566–76.
  • 45. Shang HS, Song YP. Experimental study of strength and deformation of plain concrete under biaxial compression after freezing and thawing cycles. Cem Concr Res. 2006;36:1857–64.
  • 46. Kouroussis G, Verlinden O, Conti C. Finite-dynamic model for infinite media: corrected solution of viscous boundary efficiency. J Eng Mech-Asce. 2011;137:509–11.
  • 47. Jaswon MA, Ponter AR. An integral equation solution of the torsion problem. Proc R Soc London Ser A. 1963;273:237.
  • 48. Cundall PA. A computer model for simulating progressive, large scale movements in rocky block systems. Proc Int Symp Rock Fract. 1971;2:129.
  • 49. Gingold RA, Monaghan JJ. Smoothed particle hydrodynamics: theory and application to non-spherical stars. Mon Not R Astron Soc. 1977;181:375–89.
  • 50. Gen-hua S. Discontinuous deformation analysis: a new numerical model for the statics and dynamics of block systems. Berkeley: University of California; 1988.
  • 51. Moes N, Dolbow J, Belytschko T. A finite element method for crack growth without remeshing. Int J Numer Meth Eng. 1999;46:131–50.
  • 52. Lucy LB. A numerical approach to the testing of the fission hypothesis. Astron J. 1997;82:1013–24.
  • 53. Belytschko T, Lu YY, Gu L. Element-free Galerkin methods. Int J Numer Meth Eng. 1994;37:229–56.
  • 54. Silling SA. Reformulation of elasticity theory for discontinuities and long-range forces. J Mech Phys Solids. 2000;48:175–209.
  • 55. Okuyama H, Hasan M, Sato Y, Ueda T. Stress-strain model of concrete damaged by freezing and thawing cycles. J Adv Concr Technol. 2004;2:89–99.
  • 56. Niu D, Guan X, Wang JB, Wang Y. Study of the freezing-thawing damage constitutive model of concrete based on Weibull’s strength theory. Concrete. 2015;11:1322–7.
  • 57. Shang HS. Test study on strength of air-entrained concrete under multiaxial loads after freeze-thaw cycles. Dalian University of Technology; 2006.
  • 58. Sun M, Xin DB, Zou CY. Damage evolution and plasticity development of concrete materials subjected to freeze-thaw during the load process. Mech Mater. 2019;139:103192.
  • 59. Li B, Mao JZ, Nawa T, Han TY. Mesoscopic damage model of concrete subjected to freeze-thaw cycles using mercury intrusion porosimetry and differential scanning calorimetry (MIP-DSC). Constr Build Mater. 2017;147:79–90.
  • 60. Liu L, Wu SX, Chen HS, Zhao HT. Numerical investigation of the effects of freezing on micro-internal damage and macro-mechanical properties of cement pastes. Cold Reg Sci Technol. 2014;106:141–52.
  • 61. Liu L, Shen DJ, Chen HS, Sun W, Qian ZW, Zhao HT, Jiang JH. Analysis of damage development in cement paste due to ice nucleation at different temperatures. Cem Concr Comp. 2014;53:1–9.
  • 62. Zhou W, Zhao C, Liu XH, Chang XL, Feng CQ. Mesoscopic simulation of thermo-mechanical behaviors in concrete under frost action. Constr Build Mater. 2017;157:117–31.
  • 63. Peng RX, Qiu WL, Teng F. Three-dimensional meso-numerical simulation of heterogeneous concrete under freeze-thaw. Constr Build Mater. 2020;250:118573.
  • 64. Cusatis G, Mencarelli A, Pelessone D, Baylot J. Lattice discrete particle model (LDPM) for failure behavior of concrete. II: calibration and validation. Cem Concr Comp. 2011;33:891–905.
  • 65. Yilmaz O, Molinari JF. A mesoscale fracture model for concrete. Cem Concr Res. 2017;97:84–94.
  • 66. Zhang HZ, Xu YD, Gan YD, Schlangen E, Savija B. Experimentally validated meso-scale fracture modelling of mortar using output from micromechanical models. Cem Concr Comp. 2020;110:103567.
  • 67. Gan YD, Rodriguez CR, Zhang HZ, Schlangen E, van Breugel K, Savija B. Modeling of microstructural effects on the creep of hardened cement paste using an experimentally informed lattice model. Comput-Aided Civ Inf. 2021;36:560–576.
  • 68. Fu YK, Li YL, Tan YQ. Parametric analysis of dynamic crack propagation of concrete bending beam based on the extended finite element method. Road Mater Pavement. 2020;21:94–116.
  • 69. Chen ZG, Jafarzadeh S, Zhao JM, Bobaru F. A coupled mechano-chemical peridynamic model for pit-to-crack transition in stress-corrosion cracking. J Mech Phys Solids. 2021;146:104203.
  • 70. Deo O, Neithalath N. Compressive behavior of pervious concretes and a quantification of the influence of random pore structure features. Mat Sci Eng A-Struct. 2010;528:402–12.
  • 71. Berodier E, Scrivener K. Evolution of pore structure in blended systems. Cement Concrete Res. 2015;73:25–35.
  • 72. Maes M, Snoeck D, De Belie N. Chloride penetration in cracked mortar and the influence of autogenous crack healing. Constr Build Mater. 2016;115:114–24.
  • 73. Weiss J, Couch J, Pease B, Laugesen P, Geiker M. Influence of mechanically induced cracking on chloride ingress in concrete. J Mater Civil Eng. 2017;29:04017128.
  • 74. Wang PH, Qiao HX, Zhang YS, Li YK, Feng Q, Chen KF. Meso-damage evolution analysis of magnesium oxychloride cement concrete based on X-CT and grey-level co-occurrence matrix. Constr Build Mater. 2020;255:119373.
  • 75. J.P. Isaac, S. Dondeti, H.V. Tippur, Crack initiation and growth in additively printed ABS: effect of print architecture studied using DIC. Addit Manuf 36 (2020).
  • 76. Choi P, Kim DH, Lee BH, Won MC. Application of ultrasonic shear-wave tomography to identify horizontal crack or delamination in concrete pavement and bridge. Constr Build Mater. 2016;121:81–91.
  • 77. Pang Y, Lingamanaik SN, Chen BK, Yu SF. Measurement of deformation of the concrete sleepers under different support conditions using non-contact laser speckle imaging sensor. Eng Struct. 2020;205:110054.
  • 78. Li JL, Kaunda RB, Zhou KP. Experimental investigations on the effects of ambient freeze-thaw cycling on dynamic properties and rock pore structure deterioration of sandstone. Cold Reg Sci Technol. 2018;154:133–41.
  • 79. Kosior-Kazberuk M. Variations in fracture energy of concrete subjected to cyclic freezing and thawing. Arch Civ Mech Eng. 2013;13:254–9.
  • 80. Qiao YF, Sun W, Jiang JY, Pan DF. Coupling mechanism of saturated concrete subjected to simultaneous fatigue loading and freeze-thaw cycles. J Wuhan Univ Technol. 2018;33:1121–8.
  • 81. Suzuki T, Ogata H, Takada R, Aoki M, Ohtsu M. Use of acoustic emission and X-ray computed tomography for damage evaluation of freeze-thawed concrete. Constr Build Mater. 2010;24:2347–52.
  • 82. Zhai C, Wu SL, Liu SM, Qin L, Xu JZ. Experimental study on coal pore structure deterioration under freeze-thaw cycles. Environ Earth Sci. 2017. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-017-6829-9.
  • 83. Wang XX, Jin ZQ, Liu JP, Chen FX, Feng P, Tang JH. Research on internal monitoring of reinforced concrete under accelerated corrosion, using XCT and DIC technology. Constr Build Mater. 2021;266:121018.
  • 84. Zhang YR, Xu SX, Gao YH, Guo J, Cao YH, Zhang JZ. Correlation of chloride diffusion coefficient and microstructure parameters in concrete: a comparative analysis using NMR, MIP, and X-CT. Front Struct Civ Eng. 2020;14:1509–19.
  • 85. He JT, Lei D, Xu WX. In-situ measurement of nominal compressive elastic modulus of interfacial transition zone in concrete by SEM-DIC coupled method. Cem Concr Comp. 2020;114:103779.
  • 86. Han WQ, Hu KJ, Shi QH, Zhu FX. Damage evolution analysis of open -hole tensile laminated composites using a progress damage model verified by AE and DIC. Compos Struct. 2020;247:112452.
  • 87. B.W. Hou, J.S. Qiu, P. Guo, X.J. Gao, R.Y. Zhang, Freezing-thawing damage mechanism of coal gangue concrete based on low-field nuclear magnetic resonance, scanning electron microscopy, and N-2 adsorption. Adv Civ Eng 2021 (2021).
  • 88. Stelzner L, Powierza B, Oesch T, Dlugosch R, Weise F. Thermally-induced moisture transport in high-performance concrete studied by X-ray-CT and H-1-NMR. Constr Build Mater. 2019;224:600–9.
  • 89. M.C. Chi, Y.C. Liu, Alkali-Activated Slag Concrete: MIP, SEM and XRD Analysis. International Conference on Energy, Environment and Materials Engineering (Eeme 2014), (2014) 424–428.
  • 90. Sok RM, Varslot T, Ghous A, Latham S, Sheppard AP, Knackstedt MA. Pore scale characterization of carbonates at multiple scales: integration of micro-CT, BSEM, and FIBSEM. Petro-physics. 2010;51:379–87.
  • 91. Qian CX, Ba MF, Guo XG, Han XY. Evaluation of sub-microstructure in concrete with low water-binder ratio by SEM-BSE image analysis. J Wuhan Univ Technol. 2010;25:682–6.
  • 92. Fukuda D, Maruyama M, Nara Y, Hayashi D, Ogawa H, Kaneko K. Observation of fracture sealing in high-strength and ultra-low-permeability concrete by micro-focus X-ray CT and SEM/EDX. Int J Fract. 2014;188:159–71.
  • 93. Bazan AM, Galvez JC, Reyes E, Gale-Lamuela D. Study of the rust penetration and circumferential stresses in reinforced concrete at early stages of an accelerated corrosion test by means of combined SEM, EDS and strain gauges. Constr Build Mater. 2018;184:655–67.
  • 94. Powers TC. The air requirement of frost-resistant concrete. Highway Res Board Proc. 1949;29:184–211.
  • 95. Helmuth RA, Powers TC. Theory of volume changes in hardened Portland cement paste during freezing. Proc Highway Res Board. 1953;32:286–97.
  • 96. Fagerlund G. The critical degree of saturation method of assessing the freeze/thaw resistance of concrete. Mater Struct. 1977;10:217–29.
  • 97. Scherer G. Freezing gels. J Non-Cryst Solids. 1993;155:1–25.
  • 98. Setzer MJ. Micro-ice-lens formation in porous solid. J Colloid Interf Sci. 2001;243:193–201.
  • 99. Coussy O. Poromechanics of freezing materials. J Mech Phys Solids. 2005;53:1689–718.
  • 100. Valenza JJ, Scherer GW. Mechanism for salt scaling of a cementitious surface. Mater Struct. 2007;40:259–68.
  • 101. Lei B, Li WG, Li ZH, Wang G, Sun ZH. Effect of cyclic loading deterioration on concrete durability: water absorption, freeze-thaw, and carbonation. J Mater Civil Eng. 2018;30:04018220.
  • 102. Yao Y, Wang Z, Wang L. Durability of concrete under combined mechanical load and environmental actions: a review. J Sustain Cem-Based. 2012;1:2–15.
  • 103. Li WT, Sun W, Jiang JY. Damage of concrete experiencing flexural fatigue load and closed freeze/thaw cycles simultaneously. Constr Build Mater. 2011;25:2604–10.
  • 104. Persson B. Moisture in concrete subjected to different kinds of curing. Mater Struct. 1997;30:533.
  • 105. Li WT, Pour-Ghaz M, Castro J, Weiss J. Water absorption and critical degree of saturation relating to freeze-thaw damage in concrete pavement joints. J Mater Civil Eng. 2012;24:299–307.
  • 106. Sun ZH, Scherer GW. Effect of air voids on salt scaling and internal freezing. Cem Concr Res. 2010;40:260–70.
  • 107. Monteiro PJM, Coussy O, Silva DA. Effect of cryo-suction and air void transition layer on hydraulic pressure of freezing concrete. Aci Mater J. 2006;103:136–40.
  • 108. Tian J, Wang WW, Du YF. Damage behaviors of self-compacting concrete and prediction model under coupling effectof salt freeze-thaw and flexural load. Constr Build Mater. 2016;119:241–50.
  • 109. Liu MH, Wang YF. Damage constitutive model of fly ash concrete under freeze-thaw cycles. J Mater Civil Eng. 2012;24:1165–74.
  • 110. Girskas G, Kizinievic O, Kizinievic V. Analysis of durability (frost resistance) of MSWI fly ash modified cement composites. Arch Civ Mech Eng. 2021. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1007/s43452-021-00199-2.
  • 111. Markiv T, Sobol K, Franus M, Franus W. Mechanical and durability properties of concretes incorporating natural zeolite. Arch Civ Mech Eng. 2016;16:554–62.
  • 112. Sun W, Mu R, Lua X, Miao CW. Effect of chloride salt, freeze-thaw cycling and externally applied load on the performance of the concrete. Cem Concr Res. 2002;32:1859–64.
Uwagi
PL
Opracowanie rekordu ze środków MEiN, umowa nr SONP/SP/546092/2022 w ramach programu "Społeczna odpowiedzialność nauki" - moduł: Popularyzacja nauki i promocja sportu (2022-2023)
Typ dokumentu
Bibliografia
Identyfikator YADDA
bwmeta1.element.baztech-8726a0a1-1319-4e33-acd6-9187f590a7d7
JavaScript jest wyłączony w Twojej przeglądarce internetowej. Włącz go, a następnie odśwież stronę, aby móc w pełni z niej korzystać.