Efficiency of the Installation to Treatment of Outflow from the Hybrid Constructed Wetland System and Possibility of Reuse of Treated Wastewater in the Household

• Autorzy: Myka-Raduj Anna , Siwiec Tadeusz , Rybczyńska-Tkaczyk Kamila , Raduj Waldemar , Jóźwiakowski Krzysztof

Identyfikatory

DOI

10.12913/22998624/189619

• Języki publikacji: EN

Abstrakty

EN

The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of the operation of a novel installation for treating the outflow from a hybrid constructed wetland system and the possibility of domestic wastewater reuse. The study was carried out in 2022-2023 at a facility located in the Polesie National Park (PNP) in Poland. The analyzed installation for the treatment of wastewater discharged from the constructed wetland system is located in the basement of a single-family building and consists of a filtration system including: yarn, spun and carbon filters, and a UV lamp. In turn, the hybrid constructed wetland system from which the treated wastewater is recycled to the building consists of a 2-chamber primary settling tank and a system of two VF-HF type beds with common reed and willow. During the study period (October 2022 to December 2023), 14 series of analyses were performed, during which the values of selected physico-chemical and microbiological indicators were determined in the collected samples of treated wastewater. On the basis of the performed tests, it was found that the analyzed system provided an average efficiency of reduction of total suspended solids and BOD5 at 46.8 and 45.8%, respectively. Smaller effects were obtained for the reduction of COD (22.7%), total nitrogen (4.9%) and total phosphorus (16.3%). In contrast, the average reduction effects of microbiological indicators were very high, amounting to 92.7 and 97.1% for Escherichia coli and enteroccocus bacteria, respectively. The study showed that the effluent flowing out of the hybrid constructed wetland system after treatment in the analyzed installation could be reused for toilet flushing or green watering, as it usually did not contain microbiological contaminants. It was determined that the recycled treated wastewater could replace, on average, 18.7% of the good-quality water supplied by the mains water supply in the studied household.

Słowa kluczowe

EN

closed water circuit; wetland systems; hybrid constructed wetland system; pollution removal; water management; water protection; Polesie National Park

• Wydawca: Lublin University of Technology ; Polish Society of Ecological Engineering (PTIE), Branch of PTIE in Lublin
• Czasopismo: Advances in Science and Technology. Research Journal
• Rocznik: 2024
• Tom: Vol. 18, no 4
• Strony: 296--311
• Opis fizyczny: Bibliogr. 60 poz., fig., tab.

Twórcy

autor

Myka-Raduj Anna

• Polesie National Park, ul. Lubelska 3a, 22-234 Urszulin, Poland
• Department of Environmental Engineering and Geodesy, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, ul. Leszczyńskiego 7, 20-069 Lublin, Poland

• https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3692-5454

autor

Siwiec Tadeusz

• Department of Environmental Engineering and Geodesy, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, ul. Leszczyńskiego 7, 20-069 Lublin, Poland

• https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4671-4602

autor

Rybczyńska-Tkaczyk Kamila

• Department of Environmental Microbiology, Faculty of Agrobioengineering, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, ul. Leszczyńskiego 7, 20-069 Lublin, Poland

• https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2100-1315

autor

Raduj Waldemar

• Polesie National Park, ul. Lubelska 3a, 22-234 Urszulin, Poland

autor

Jóźwiakowski Krzysztof

• Department of Environmental Engineering and Geodesy, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, ul. Leszczyńskiego 7, 20-069 Lublin, Poland

• https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6571-3093

Bibliografia

• 1. Europe 2020. A strategy for smart, sustainable and inclusive growth, Document 52010DC2020, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex%3A52010DC2020
• 2. Calisto F.M., Vermeulen W., Salomone R. Analysing European Union circular economy policies: words versus actions. Sustainable Production and Consumption 2020, 27: 337–353.
• 3. Angelakis A.N., Bontoux L., Lazarova V. Challenges and prospectives for water recycling and reuse in EU countries. Water Supply 2003, 3: 59–68.
• 4. Bixio D., Thoeye C., Wintgens T., Ravazzini A., Miska V., Muston M., Chikurel H., Aharoni, A., Joksimovic, D., Melin T. Water reclamation and reuse: Implementation and management issues. Desalination 2008, 218: 13–23.
• 5. 5. Voulvoulis N. Water reuse from a circular economy perspective and potential risks from an unregulated approach. Curr. Opin. Environ. Sci. Health 2018, 2: 32–45.
• 6. Sapkota A.R. Water reuse, food production and public health: Adopting transdisciplinary, systems-based approaches to achieve water and food security in a changing climate. Environ. Res. 2019, 171: 576–580.
• 7. Hagenvoort J., Ortega-Reig M., Botella S., García C., de Luis A., Palau-Salvador G. Reusing Treated Waste-Water from a Circular Economy Perspective—The Case of the Real Acequia de Moncada in Valencia (Spain). Water 2019, 11: 1830.
• 8. Shevah Y. Water scarcity, water reuse, and environmental. Saf. Pure Appl. Chem. 2014, 86: 1205–1214.
• 9. Al-Othman A., Darwish N.N., Qasim M., Tawalbeh M.; Darwish N.A., Hilal N. Nuclear desalination: A state-of-the-art review. Desalination 2019, 457: 39–61.
• 10. Ungureanu N., Vladut V., Voicu G. Water scarcity and wastewater reuse in crop irrigation. Sustainability 2020, 12: 9055.
• 11. Curto D., Franzitta V., Guercio A. A Review of the water desalination technologies. Appl. Sci. 2021, 11: 670.
• 12. Palla A., Gnecco I., Lanza L., La Barbera P. Performance analysis of domestic rainwater harvesting systems under various European climate zones. Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 2012, 62: 71–80.
• 13. Musayev S., Burgess E., Mellor J. A global per formance assessment of rainwater harvesting under climate change. Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 2018, 132: 62–70.
• 14. Ghaffour N., Missimer T.M., Amy G.L. Technical review and evaluation of the economics of water desalination: Current and future challenges for better water supply sustainability. Desalination 2013, 309: 197–207.
• 15. Guo T., Englehardt J., Wu T. Review of cost versus scale: Water and wastewater treatment and reuse processes. Water Sci. Technol. 2014, 69: 223–234.
• 16. Gao L., Yoshikawa S., Iseri Y., Fujimori S., Kanae S. An economic assessment of the global potential for sea water desalination to 2050. Water 2017, 9: 763.
• 17. Maquet Ch. Wastewater reuse: a solution with a future. Field Actions Science Reports. Special Issue 22, Water, Waste & Energy: Prospects for essential services in Africa 2020, 64–67.
• 18. Silva J.A. Water supply and wastewater treatment and reuse in future cities: a systematic literature review. Water 2023, 15: 3064.
• 19. Tang C.Y., Yang Z., Guo H., Wen J.J., Nghiem L.D., Cornelissen E. Potable water reuse through advanced membrane technology. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2018, 52(18): 10215–10223.
• 20. Dolnicar S., Saunders, C. Recycled water for consumer markets a marketing research review and agenda. Desalination 2006, 187: 203–214.
• 21. Harris-Lovett S.R., Binz C., Sedlak D.L., Kiparsky M., Truffer B. Beyond user acceptance: a legitimacy framework for potable water reuse in California. Environmental Science & Technology 2015, 49: 7552–7561.
• 22. Cagno E, Garrone P, Negri M, Rizzuni A. Adoption of water reuse technologies: An assessment under different regulatory and operational scenarios. J Environ Manage 2022, 317: 115389.
• 23. Kesari K.K., Sani R., Jamal Q.M.S., Tripathi P., Lae J.A., Jha N.K., Siddiqui M.H., Kumar P., Tripathi V., Ruokolainer J. Wastewater treatment and reuse: a review of its applications and health implications. Water Air Soil Pollut 2021, 232: 208.
• 24. Katsoyiannis I.A., Gkotsis P., Castellana M., Cartechini F., Zouboulis A.I. Production of demineralized water for use in thermal power stations by advanced treatment of secondary wastewater effluent. Journal of Environmental Management 2017, 1(190): 132–139.
• 25. Mohsen M.S. Treatment and reuse of industrial effluents: Case study of a thermal power plant. Desalination 2004, 167: 75–86.
• 26. Smith R.G. 1995. Water reclamation and reuse. Water Environment Research 67, 488–495.
• 27. Yang J., Jia R., Gao Y., Wang W., Cao P. The reliability evaluation of reclaimed water reused in power plant project. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 2017, 100: 012189.
• 28. WHO – World Health Organization, 2006. Guidelines for the Safe Use of Wastewater, Excreta and Greywater. In Wastewater Use in Agriculture (2nd ed.).
• 29. Aziz F., Farissi M. Reuse of treated wastewater in agriculture: Solving water deficit problems in arid areas. Ann. West Univ. Timisoara Ser. Biol. 2014, 17: 95–110.
• 30. Angelakis A., Snyder S. Wastewater treatment and reuse: Past, present, and future. Water 2015, 7: 87–95.
• 31. Myka-Raduj A., Jóźwiakowski K., Siwiec T., Raduj W. Changes of Water Consumption in a Forester’s Lodge in Polesie National Park (Poland)—Case Study. Water 2023, 15: 3157. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15173157
• 32. Myka-Raduj A., Bohacz J., Listosz A., Raduj W., Jóźwiakowski K. 2024. Efficiency of operation a hybrid constructed wetland located in the Polesie National Park (Poland) during the start-up period. Journal of Ecological Engineering 2024, 25(6): 292–311 https://doi.org/10.12911/22998993/187962
• 33. American Public Health Association (APHA) 1992. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. 18th Edition, American Water Works Association (AWWA) and Water Pollution Control Federation (WPCF), Washington DC.
• 34. American Public Health Association (APHA) 2005. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. 21st Edition, American Water Works Association/Water Environment Federation, Washington DC.
• 35. PN-EN ISO 10523:2012. Water quality. Determination of ph. Electrochemical sensor method.
• 36. PN-EN ISO 5814:2013-04. Water quality. Determination of dissolved oxygen - Electrochemical sensor method.
• 37. PN-EN 872:2007+Apl: 2007. Water quality. Determination of suspensions. Method using filtration through glass fiber filters.
• 38. PN-EN 1899-1:2002, 2:2002. Water quality. Determination of biochemical oxygen demand after n days (BODn). Part 1: Dilution and grafting method with the addition of allylthiourea.
• 39. PN-ISO 15705: 2005. Water quality. Determination of the chemical oxygen demand index (SP-COD). Miniaturized method using tight test tubes.
• 40. PN-C-04576-14:1973. Water and sewage - Testing the content of nitrogen compounds - Calculation of total nitrogen.
• 41. PN-EN ISO 6878:2006 pkt 7 +Ap1:2010+ AP2:2010. Water quality - Determination of phosphorus - Spectrometric method with ammonium molybdate.
• 42. PN-EN ISO 9308-3:2002P. Water quality - Detection and quantification of Escherichia coli and coliforms - Part 3: Miniaturized method for the detection and enumeration of E-Coli in surface water and wastewater (most probable bacterial count).
• 43. PN-EN ISO 7899-1:2002P. Water quality - Detection and enumeration of fecal enterococci - Part 1: Miniaturized method for testing surface water and wastewater (most probable number of bacteria).
• 44. Bugajski P.M., Kurek K., Młyński D, Operacz A. Designed and real hydraulic load of household wastewater treatment plants. Journal Of Water And Land Development 2019, 40 (1–3): 155–160.
• 45. Pawełek J., Bergel T., Woyciechowska O. Variation in water consumption in rural households during the multi-year period. Acta Scientiarum Polonorum. Formatio Circumiectus 2015, 14(4): 85–94 (in Polish).
• 46. Bergel T., Szeląg B., Woyciechowska O. Influence of a season on hourly and daily variations in water demand patterns in a rural water supply line – case study. Journal of Water and Land Development 2017, 34; 59–64.
• 47. Crouch M.L., Jacobs H.E., Speight V.L. Defining domestic water consumption based on personal water use activities. Journal of Water Supply: Research and Technology-Aqua 2017, 70(7): 1002–1011.
• 48. European Commission, Eurostat. 2023. Available online: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/data/database (accessed on 1 July 2023).
• 49. Jóźwiakowski K. Studies on the efficiency of sewage treatment in chosen constructed wetland systems. Infrastruct. Ecol. Rural. Areas 2012, 1: 232 (In Polish).
• 50. Micek A., Jóźwiakowski K., Marzec M., Listosz A. Technological reliability and efficiency of wastewater treatment in two hybrid constructed wetlands in the Roztocze National Park (Poland). Water 2020, 12: 3435. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12123435
• 51. Levi Strauss & Company 2016. Recycle and reuse standard and guidelines. https://www.levistrauss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/Laundry-Recycle-and-Reuse-Manual-LSCo-2016.pdf
• 52. Blaustein R.A., Pachepsky Y., Hill R.L., Shelton D.R., Whelan, G. Escherichia coli survival in waters: Temperature dependence. 2013, Water Research 2013, 47(1): 569–578. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2012.10.027
• 53. Chen P.-Y., Chu X.-N., Liu L., Hu J.-Y. Effects of salinity and temperature on inactivation and repair potential of Enterococcus faecalis following medium- and low-pressure ultraviolet irradiation. Journal of Applied Microbiology 2016, 120(3): 816–825. https://doi.org/10.1111/jam.13026
• 54. Duque-Sarango, P., Romero-Martínez, L., Pinos-Vélez, V., Sánchez-Cordero, E., Samaniego, E. Comparative study of UV radiation resistance and reactivation characteristics of E. coli ATCC 8739 and native strains: Implications for water disinfection. Sustainability 2023, 15: 9559. https://doi.org/ 10.3390/su15129559
• 55. Maghsoodi M., Lowry G.L., Smith I.M., Snow S.D. Evaluation of parameters governing dark and photorepair in UVC-irradiated Escherichia coli. Environ. Sci. 2022, 8: 407–41856. Slade A.H., Thorn G.J.S., Dennis M.A. The relationship between BOD:N ratio and wastewater treatability in a nitrogen-fixing wastewater treatment system. Water Science and Technology 2011, 63(4): 627–632, https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2011.215
• 57. Hussain A., Kumar P., Mehrotra. Nitrogen and phosphorus requirement in anaerobic process: a review. Environmental Engineering and Management Journal 2015, 14(4): 769–780, https://doi.org/10.30638/eemj.2015.086
• 58. Coccu R., Lai T., Sandom A. Standardization of BOD5/COD ratio as a biological stability index for MSW. Waste Management 2012, 32(8): 1503–1508, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2012.04.001
• 59. Bader A.C., Hussein H.J., Jabar M.T. BOD: COD ratio as indicator for wastewater and industrial water pollution. International Journal of Special Education 2022, 37(3): 2164–2171.
• 60. Siwiec T., Reczek L., Michel M.M., Gut B., HawerStrojek P., Czajkowska J., Jóźwiakowski K., Gajewska M., Bugajski P. Correlations between organics indicator in municipal wastewater. Archives of Environmental Protection 2018, 44(4): 50–57, https://doi.org/10.24425/aep.2018.122296.