Prohibition of segregation : a missing norm in international human rights law?

• Autorzy: Silva Monika

Identyfikatory

DOI

10.37055/sbn/132166

Warianty tytułu

PL

Zakaz segregacji : brakująca norma w międzynarodowym prawie praw człowieka?

• Języki publikacji: EN

Abstrakty

EN

The aim of this paper is to answer whether and how international human rights law protects from segregationist policies - a still present phenomenon including such practices as prohibition of interfaith marriages, physical separation of men and women in everyday activities or segregation of Roma children in education. I firstly turn to conceptual problems regarding the term “segregation” by proposing its definition and categorizing its diverse displays. I draw a conclusion that segregation and discrimination are separate, although often intertwining, concepts. Subsequent parts of the paper contain an analysis of various international human rights law instruments conducted in search of a norm prohibiting segregation. I conclude that there is no explicit and general prohibition of segregation in international law, however some fragmentary and dispersed norms concerning segregation can be found through analysis of treaties, customary rules as well as doctrinal and judicial interpretations.

PL

Celem artykułu jest udzielenie odpowiedzi na pytanie, czy i w jaki sposób międzynarodowe prawo praw człowieka chroni przed praktykami segregacjonistycznymi, zjawiskiem wciąż obecnym i przejawiającym się we współczesnym świecie w takich regulacjach jak zakaz małżeństw międzywyznaniowych, fizyczna separacja mężczyzn i kobiet w życiu codziennym czy segregacja romskich dzieci w szkołach. W pierwszej kolejności zwracam uwagę na problem konceptualizacji pojęcia „segregacja” oraz proponuję jego definicję, a także kategoryzację różnych przejawów segregacji. Wnioskuję również, że segregacja i dyskryminacja są zjawiskami odrębnymi, chociaż często powiązanymi i występującymi jednocześnie. W dalszych częściach artykułu instrumenty międzynarodowego prawa praw człowieka zostają poddane analizie mającej na celu znalezienie i sformułowanie normy zakazującej segregacji. Interpretacja prawa międzynarodowego prowadzi do wniosku, że nie zawiera ono wyraźnego i generalnego zakazu segregacji. Istnieją jednak pewne fragmentaryczne i rozproszone normy, które regulują kwestię praktyk segregacjonistycznych i które można odnaleźć zarówno w traktatach, jak i w prawie zwyczajowym, a także w interpretacjach proponowanych przez doktrynę i orzecznictwo.

Słowa kluczowe

EN

segregation; international law; human rights; discrimination; equal treatment

PL

segregacja; prawo międzynarodowe; prawa człowieka; dyskryminacja; równe traktowanie

• Wydawca: Wojskowa Akademia Techniczna im. Jarosława Dąbrowskiego
• Czasopismo: Studia Bezpieczeństwa Narodowego
• Rocznik: 2019
• Tom: R. 9, Nr 15
• Strony: 341--358
• Opis fizyczny: Bibliogr. 45 poz.

Twórcy

autor

Silva Monika

• University of Warsaw, Faculty of Law and Administration

Bibliografia

• Treaties
• [1] African Charter on Human and People’s Rights, Nairobi, 27 June 1981, “United Nations Treaties Series”, vol. 1520, No. 26363, p. 217.
• [2] Charter of Fundamental Rights in the European Union, “Official Journal of the European Union”, 2012/C 326/02, 26 October 2012, pp. 391-407.
• [3] Convention against Discrimination in Education, United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, Paris, 14 December 1960, “United Nations Treaties Series”, vol. 429, No. 6193, p. 93.
• [4] Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (ECHR), Rome, 4 November 1950, “United Nations Treaty Series”, vol. 213, No. 2889, p. 221.
• [5] Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW), New York, 18 December 1979, “United Nations Treaties Series”, vol. 1249, No. 20378, p. 1.
• [6] Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, New York, 13 December 2006, “United Nations Treaties Series”, vol. 2515, No. 44910, p. 3.
• [7] Inter-American Convention Against All Forms of Discrimination and Intolerance, Organization of American States General Assembly, La Antigua Guatemala, 5 June 2013.
• [8] International Convention Against Apartheid in Sports, New York, 10 December 1985, “United Nations Treaties Series”, vol. 1500, No. 25822, p. 161.
• [9] International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, New York, 20 November 1963, “United Nations Treaties Series”, vol. 660, No. 9464, p. 1.
• [10] International Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid, New York, 30 November 1973, “United Nations Treaties Series”, vol. 1015, No. 14861, p. 243.
• [11] International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), New York, 16 December 1966, “United Nations Treaty Series”, vol. 999, No. 14668, p. 171.
• [12] International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR), New York, 16 December 1966, “United Nations Treaties Series”, vol. 993, No. 14531, p. 3.
• [13] Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, Rome, 17 July 1998, “United Nations Treaties Series”, vol. 2187, No. 38544, p. 3.
• Judgments
• [1] European Court of Human Rights, Case of D.H. and Others v. The Czech Republic, Grand Chamber, 13 November 2007, Application no. 57325/00.
• [2] European Court of Human Rights, Case of Horvath and Kiss v. Hungary, Second Section, 29 January 2013, Application no. 11146/11.
• [3] European Court of Human Rights, Case of Lavida and Others v. Greece, First Section, 30 May 2013, Application no. 7973/10.
• [4] European Court of Human Rights, Case of Sampanis and Others v. Greece, First Section, 5 June 2008, Application no. 32526/05.
• [5] U.S. Supreme Court, Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, 347 U.S. 483 (1954).
• [6] U.S. Supreme Court, Loving v. Virginia, 388 U.S. 1 (1967).
• [7] U.S. Supreme Court, Plessy v. Ferguson, 163 U.S. 537 (1896).
• Other documents
• [1] Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, General Comment No. 13, The right to education (article 13 of the Covenant), Twenty-first session, 15 November - 3 December 1999.
• [2] Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, General Comment No. 20, Non-discrimination in economic, social and cultural rights (art. 2, para. 2, of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights), Forty-second session, Geneva, 4-22 May 2009, Agenda item 3.
• [3] Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination, General recommendation XIX on article 3 of the Convention, Forty-seventh session (1995), Document A/50/18.
• [4] Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination, Communication No. 46/2009, Opinion adopted by the Committee at its eightieth session, 2 April 2012, CERD/C/80/D/46/2009.
• [5] Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination, Opinion adopted by the Committee under article 14 of the Convention concerning communication No. 52/2012, 8 June 2016, CERD/C/89/D/52/2012.
• [6] European Commission Against Racism and Intolerance (ECRI), Council of Europe, General Policy Recommendation No. 7 on National Legislation to Combat Racism and Racial Discrimination, Strasbourg, 13 December 2002.
• [7] International Criminal Court, Elements of Crimes, Article 7 (1) (j) of Elements of Crimes, Element 4, The Hague, 2011.
• [8] United Nations Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW), CEDAW General Recommendation No. 13: Equal remuneration for work of equal value, 8th session, 1989.
• [9] United Nations General Assembly resolution 1514 (XV), Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples A/RES/1514(XV), 15th session, 20 September - 20 December 1960.
• [10] United Nations General Assembly resolution S-16/1, Declaration on Apartheid and its Destructive Consequences in Southern Africa A/RES/S-16/1, 6th plenary meeting, 14 December 1989.
• Articles
• [1] Bribosia E., Rorive I., Van den Eynde L., Same-Sex Marriage: Building an Argument before the European Court of Human Rights in Light of the US Experience, “Berkeley Journal of International Law”, 32, 2014, pp. 1-43.
• [2] Dallmayr F., ‘Asian Values’ and Global Human Rights, “Philosophy East and West: A Quarterly of Comparative Philosophy”, 52:2, 2002, pp. 173-89.
• [3] Eliason A., With No Deliberate Speed: The Segregation of Roma Children in Europe, “Duke Journal of Comparative & International Law”, 27, 2017, pp. 191-241.
• [4] Gerrards J., Prohibition of Discrimination, [in:] Theory and Practice of the European Convention on Human Rights, Eds. P. Van Dijk, F. Van Hoof, A. Van Rijn, L. Zwaak, Cambridge, 2018, pp. 997-1028.
• [5] Huat Ch.B., Political Culturalism, Representation and the People’s Action Party of Singapore, “Democratization”, 14:5, 2007, pp. 911-927.
• [6] Kogan T.S., Sex-Separation in Public Restrooms: Law, Architecture, and Gender, “Michigan Journal of Gender & Law”, 14:1, 2007, pp. 1-56.
• [7] Martin L.L., Varner K.J., Race, Residential Segregation, and the Death of Democracy Education and Myth of Postracialism, “Democracy & Education”, 25:1, 2017, pp. 1-10.
• [8] Mayer A.E., A Benign Apartheid: How Gender Apartheid Has Been Rationalized, “UCLA Journal of International Law & Foreign Affairs”, 5, 2000, pp. 237-338.
• [9] Moeckli D., Equality and non-discrimination, International Human Rights Law, Eds. D. Moeckli, S. Shah, S. Sivakumaran, 3rd edition, New York, 2018, pp. 148-164.
• [10] Segregation. Cases, materials and text on national, supranational and international non-discrimination law, Eds. D. Schiek, W. Waddington, M. Bell, Hart, 2007, pp. 257-269.
• [11] Wood M., Customary International Law and Human Rights, European University Institute (EUI) Working Paper AEL 2016/03, Fiesole, 2016.
• Other sources
• [1] Hiddush - for religious freedom and equality, Freedom of Marriage World Table, http://marriage.hiddush.org/table
• [2] Human Rights Watch, Perpetual Minors Human Rights Abuses Stemming from Male Guardianship and Sex Segregation in Saudi Arabia, New York, 2008.
• [3] Lawyers’ Committee for Civil Rights Under Law, A Critical Assessment Of The U.S. Commitment To Civil And Political Rights - Toward Securing Equality And Justice For All In Preparation For The Second/Third Country Review Of The United States By The United Nations Human Rights Committee, New York 2006.
• [4] Trew B., Israel law which could create Jewish-only communities protested by thousands over ‘apartheid’ fears, The Independent, https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/israel-draft-law-exclude-arabs-segregation-apartheid-protest-language-communities-a8450976.html

Uwagi

Różna numeracja bibliografii.

Opracowanie rekordu ze środków MNiSW, umowa Nr 461252 w ramach programu "Społeczna odpowiedzialność nauki" - moduł: Popularyzacja nauki i promocja sportu (2021).