Mediation in armed conflict

• Autorzy: Żakowska M.

Identyfikatory

DOI

10.5604/01.3001.0011.7851

• Języki publikacji: EN

Abstrakty

EN

Mediation is one of the most commonly used methods for solving armed conflicts due to its flexibility allowing parties to freely decide about their participation in the mediation, the choice of a mediator, and accepting or rejecting the conditions of conflict resolution established during the mediation process. The article looks at various approaches to mediation, leading to an indication of the nature and attributes of this method of solving armed conflicts. It also analyses the motives of the main actors of mediation - the parties’ of the conflict and the mediator, which are taken into consideration when they decide to start mediation. The research allows a better understanding of the complexity of mediation in an armed conflict. It enables the motives of the conflicting parties and mediator which have an impact on the mediation process and result to be identified.

Słowa kluczowe

EN

armed conflict; mediation; motives; conflicting parties; mediator

• Wydawca: Akademia Sztuki Wojennej
• Czasopismo: Security and Defence Quarterly
• Rocznik: 2017
• Tom: Vol. 17, No. 4
• Strony: 75--99
• Opis fizyczny: Bibliogr. 67 poz., rys.

Twórcy

autor

Żakowska M.

• National Defence Faculty War Studies University, Warsaw, Poland

Bibliografia

• 1. Barcik, J., Srogosz, T., 2007. Prawo międzynarodowe publiczne. Wydawnictwo C.H. Beck, Warsaw.
• 2. Bargiel-Matuszewicz, K., 2007. Negocjacje i mediacje. Polskie Wydawnictwo Ekonomiczne, Warsaw.
• 3. Bartnicki, A. (ed.), 2008. Konflikty współczesnego świata. PWN, Warsaw.
• 4. Baumann, J. and Clayton, G., 2017. Mediation in violent confl ict. In CSS Analyses in Security Policy, 211. [online] Available from: http://www.css.ethz.ch/content/dam/ ethz/special-interest/gess/cis/center-for-securities-studies/pdfs/CSSAnalyse211- EN.pdf [Accessed 27 Oct 2017].
• 5. Beardsley, K., 2011. Th e Mediation Dilemma. Cornel University Press, New York.
• 6. Bercovich, J. and Houston, A., 1996. The study of international mediation: Th eoretical issues and empirical evidence. In J. Bercovich (ed.), Resolving International Confl icts: Th e Th eory and Practice of Mediation. Lynne Reinner, Boulder-London.
• 7. Bercovitch J. and Derouen, K. Jr., 2004. Mediation in Internationalized Ethnic Conflicts: Assessing the Determinants of a Successful Process. Sage Journals, 30(2), 147-170.
• 8. Bercovitch, J., Jackson R., 2009. Conflict Resolution in the Twenty-first Century. University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor.
• 9. Bercovitch, J. and Jackson, R., 2001. Negotiation or Mediation? An Exploration of Factors Aff ecting the Choice of Conflict Management in International Conflict. Negotiation Journal, 17(1), 59-77.
• 10. Bercovitch, J., 1994. The structure and diversity of mediation in international relations. In J. Bercovitch (ed.), Mediation in International Relation. Multiple Approaches to Conflict, Macmillan, London.
• 11. Bühring-Uhle, Ch., 1996. Arbitration and Mediation in International Business. Kluwer Law International, Th e Hague/London/Boston.
• 12. Camisar, A., Diechtiareff , B., Letica, B., and Switzer, C., 2005. An Analysis of the Dayton Negotiations and Peace Accords. Final Research Paper, Th e Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy. [online] Available from: http://ocw.tufts.edu/data/12/244825.pdf [Accessed 27 Oct 2017].
• 13. Carment, D. P. and James, P., 2000. Explaining third-party intervention in ethnic conflict: theory and evidence. Nations and Nationalism, 6 (2), 173-202.
• 14. Charter of United Nations, [online] Available from: http://www.unic.un.org.pl/dokumenty/ karta_onz.php/ [Accessed 20 Oct 2017].
• 15. Clayton, G., 2013. Relative rebel strength and the onset and outcome of civil war mediation. Journal of Peace Research, 50(5), 609-622.
• 16. Coolidge, J.C., IMI Code of Professional Conduct. International Mediation Institute, [online] Available from: https://imimediation.org/imi-code-of-professional-conduct [Accesed 25 Oct 2017].
• 17. Cortright, D. and Lopez, G.A. (eds), 2000. The Sanction Decade. Lynne Reinner Publishers, Boulder-London.
• 18. Cortright, D. and Lopez, G.A. (eds), 2002. Sanction and the Challenges to UN Action. Lynne Reinner Publishers, Boulder-London.
• 19. Crocker, C.A., Hampson, F.O. and Aall, P.R., 2003. Ready for prime time: the when, who and way of international mediation. Negotiation Journal, 19(2), 151-167.
• 20. Eriksson, L., 2011. Rational Choice Theory: Potential and Limits. Palgrave Mac Millan, New York.
• 21. Faure, G.O., 1989. The mediators as third negotiators. In E. Mautner-Markhof (ed.), Process of International Negotiations. Westview, Boulder.
• 22. Fisas, V., Mediation in armed conflicts. [online] Available from: http://escolapau.uab.cat/ img/programas/procesos/ mediation_armed.pdf [Accessed 21 Oct 2017].
• 23. Folberg, J., Golanna, D., Kloppenberg, W., and Stipanowich, T., 2005. Resolving Disputes. Theory, Practice and Law. Wolters Kluwer Law & Business, New York.
• 24. Gent, S. and Shannon, M., 2010. The effectiveness of international arbitration and adjudication: Getting into a bind. Journal of Politics, 72(2), 366-380.
• 25. Gibadło, L. 2017. Walka z ISIS po szczycie NATO. „Eliminacja” zamiast „wojny na wyczerpanie”. Defence24, 31 May. [online] Available from: http:// defence24.pl/walka- z-isis-po-szczycie-nato-eliminacja-zamiast-wojny-na-wyczerpanie [Accessed 23 Oct 2017].
• 26. Giessmann, H.J. and Wils, O., 2011. Seeking Compromise? Mediation Th rough the Eyes of Confl ict Parties, [online] Available from: http://peacemaker.un.org/sites/peacemaker. un.org/fi les/Seeking%20Compromise_BerghofFoundation%202011_0.pdf [Accessed 23 Oct 2017].
• 27. Greig, J.M. and Regan, P.M., 2008. When do they say yes? An analysis of the willingness to off er and accept mediation in civil wars. International Studies Quarterly, 52(4), 759-781.
• 28. Griffi ths, A. and Barnes, C., 2008. Powers of persuasion: Incentives, sanctions and conditionality in peacemaking. Accord Coalition Resource, 19, London.
• 29. Herrberg, A., 2012. International Peace Mediation: A New Crossroads for the European Union. DCAF Brussels - ISIS Europe 2012.
• 30. Independent Commission on Multilateralism, 2016. Armed Confl ict: Mediation, Conciliation, and Peacekeeping, [online] Available from: https://www.icm2016.org/ IMG/pdf/armed_confl ict_discussion_paper-2.pdf [Accessed 20 Oct 2017).
• 31. Jackson, E., 1952. Meeting in Minds. A Way to Peace Through Mediation. McGraw-Hill, New York.
• 32. Kleiboer, M., 1996. Understanding success and failure of international mediation. Journal for Conflict Resolution, 40(2), 360-389.
• 33. Kovach, K., 2004. Mediation. Principle and Practice. Third edition, Saint Paul.
• 34. Kydd, A., 2003. Which side are you on? Bias, credibility and mediation. American Journal of Political Science, 47(7).
• 35. Lundgren, M., 2016. Mediation in Syria: Initiatives, strategies, and obstacles, 2011-2016. Contemporary Security Policy, 37(2), 273-288.
• 36. Matheson, M.J., 2006. Council UNBound. United States Institute of Peace Press, Washington D.C.
• 37. Maundi, M., Zartman, W., Khadiagala, G., and Nuamah, K., 2006. Getting in: Mediators’ Entry into the Settelment of African Conflicts. United State Institute of Peace, Washington DC.
• 38. Mayer, B., 2000. Th e Dynamic of Conflict Resolution. Jossey-Bass, San Francisco.
• 39. Melin, M. and Koch, M., 2009. Jumping into the fray: Alliances, power, institutions, and the timing of conflict expansion. International Interactions, 35(3), 1-27.
• 40. Melin, M. and Svensson, I., 2009. Incentives for talking: Accepting mediation in international and civil wars. International Interaction, 35, 249-271.
• 41. Melin, M.M., Gartner, S.S., and Bercovitch, J., 2013. Fear of rejection: The puzzle of unaccepted mediation off ers in international conflict. Conflict Management and Peace Science, 30(4), 354-368.
• 42. Michael, G.J., 2015. Rebels at the gates: Civil war, battle locations, movement, and openings -for mediation. International Studies Quarterly, 59(4), 680-693.
• 43. Miłosz, S., 1996. Środki i Metody Pokojowego Załatwiania Sporów Międzynarodowych. Akademia Obrony Narodowej, Warsaw.
• 44. Miranda, A., 2014. The origins of mediation and the A.D.R. tools. In A. Miranda (ed.), Mediation in Europe at the cross-road of diff erent legal cultures. Arcane, Rome.
• 45. Mitchell, S.M. and Powell E.J., 2011. Domestic Law Goes Global: Legal Traditions and International Courts. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
• 46. Moore, Ch.W., 2012. Mediacje: Praktyczne Strategie Rozwiązywania Konfliktów. Oficyna, Warsaw.
• 47. Moore, Ch.W., 2003. The Mediation Process. Practical Strategies for Resolving Conflict. John Wiley & Sons, San Francisco.
• 48. Myerson, R.B., 1997. Game Theory: Analysis of Conflict. Harvard University Press.
• 49. Nordhelle, G., 2010. Mediacje. Sztuka Rozwiązywania Konfliktów. FISO, Gdańsk.
• 50. Pawłowski, K., 2007. Spory i konflikty międzynarodowe. In M. Pietraś (ed.), Międzynarodowe stosunki polityczne. Wydawnictwo UMCS, Lublin.
• 51. Perrin, B., 2012. Modern Warfare: Armed Groups, Private Militaries, Humanitarian Organizations, and the Law. UUBC Press, Vancouver-Toronto.
• 52. Rau, A., Sherman, E., and Peppet S., 2006. Process of dispute resolution. Foundation Press.
• 53. Ruhe, C., 2015. Anticipating mediated talks: Predicting the timing of mediation with disaggregated conflict dynamics. Journal of Peace Research, 52(2), 243-257.
• 54. Sarkozy steps up mediation eff orts over Georgia, [online] Available from: https://www. euractiv.com/section/global-europe/news/sarkozy-steps-up-mediation-eff orts-over- georgia/ [Accessed 27 Oct 2017].
• 55. Sticher, V. (ed.), 2015. Challenges to mediation support in hot wars: Learnings from Syria and Ukraine. Discussion Points of the Mediation Support Network, 7.
• 56. Stulberg, J., 1987. Taking Charge/Managing Conflict. D.C. Heath, Lexington.
• 57. Th e European Code of Conduct for Mediators. [online] Available from: ec.europa.eu/ civiljustice/adr/adr_ec_code_ conduct_en.pdf [Accesed 25 Oct 2017].
• 58. Touval, S., 1985. Th e Context of mediation. Negotiation Journal, 4 (1), 373-378.
• 59. Wall, J. and Lynn, A., 1993. Mediation: A current review. Journal of Confl ict Resolution, 37 (1), 160-194.
• 60. Walter, B., 2009. Bargaining failure and civil war. Annual Review of Political Science, 12 (1).
• 61. Waszkiewicz, P., 2014. Zasady mediacji. In E. Gmurzyńska, R. Morek (eds), Mediacje. Teoria i praktyka, Wolters Kluwer, Warszawa 2014.
• 62. Young, O., 1967. Th e Intermediaries. Th ird Parties in International Crises. Princeton University Press, Princeton 1967.
• 63. Zartman, I.W., 2000. Ripeness: The hurting stalemate and beyond. In P.C. Stern and D. Druckman (eds), International Conflict Resolution after the Cold War. National Academies Press, Washington DC, 225-250.
• 64. Zartman, I.W. and Touval, S., 2006. Mediation: The role of third-party diplomacy and informal peacemaking. In S. Brown and K.M. Schraub (eds), Resolving Third World Conflict. United States Institute of Peace Press, Washington, D.C.
• 65. Zartman, I.W., 2008. The time of peace initiatives: hurting stalemates and ripe moments. In J. Darby and R. MacGinty (eds), Contemporary Peacemaking: Confl ict, Peace Processes and Post-War Reconstruction. Palgrave MacMillan, New York.
• 66. Zartman, I.W. and Touval, S., 2006. Mediation: The role of third-party diplomacy and informal peacemaking. In Brown S., Schraub K.M. (eds.) Resolving Th ird World Conflict. United States Institute of Peace Press, Washington, D.C.
• 67. Zartman, I.W. and Touval, S., 1985. International mediation: Conflict resolution and power politics. Journal of Social Issues, 41 (2), 27-45.

Uwagi

Opracowanie rekordu w ramach umowy 509/P-DUN/2018 ze środków MNiSW przeznaczonych na działalność upowszechniającą naukę (2018).