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Warianty tytułu
Języki publikacji
Abstrakty
The effects of synthesized voice warning parameters on perceived urgency were examined in order to build a detailed and usable description of the relation between the parameters of synthesized voice warnings and perceived urgency. Ten native and 10 non-native English speakers participated in 4 experiments to evaluate and quantify the effects of the voice parameters. The results showed that speech rate, average fundamental frequency (F0), voice type, and fundamental frequency contour have clear effects on the perceived urgency of synthesized voice warnings. The effects of quantitative parameters on perceived urgency were scaled using an application of Stevens's power law (1957). In addition, the results showed significant differences in the perceived urgency of average F0 and F0 contour types between native and non-native English speakers. Implications of the results for the design and improvement of synthesized voice warnings are discussed.
Wydawca
Rocznik
Tom
Strony
73--95
Opis fizyczny
Bibliogr. 31 poz., tab., wykr.
Twórcy
autor
- Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Korea
autor
- Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Korea
Bibliografia
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- [3] Barber, C., Stanton, N.A., & Stockley, A. (1992). Can speech be used for alarm displays in “process control” type tasks? Behavior & Information Technology, 11, 216-226.
- [4] Byblow, W.D., & Corlett, J.T. (1989). Effects of linguistic redundancy and coded voice warnings on system response time. Applied Ergonomics, 20, 105-108.
- [5] Cotton, J.C., McCauley, M .E., North, R.A., & Streib, M.I. (1983). Development of speech input/output for tactical aircraft (Report No. AFWAL-TR-83-3073). Dayton, OH: U.S. Air Force.
- [6] Edworthy, J. (1994). The design and implementation of non-verbal auditory warnings. Applied Ergonomics, 25(4), 202-210.
- [7] Edworthy, J., Loxley, S., & Dennis, I. (1991). Improving auditory warning design: Relationship between warning sound parameters and perceived urgency. Human Factors, 33, 205-231.
- [8] Gescheider, G.A . (1985). Psychophysics-Method, theory, and application. London: Laurence Erlbaum Associates.
- [9] Hakkinen, M.T., & Williges, B.H. (1984). Synthesized warning messages: Effects of an alerting cue in single-and multiple-function voice synthesis systems. Human Factors, 26(2), 185-195.
- [10] Hellier, E.J., Edworthy, J., & Dennis, I. (1993). Improving auditory warning design: Quantifying and predicting the effects of different warning parameters on perceived urgency. Human Factors, 35 (4), 693-706.
- [11] Irving, A. (1981). An experimental comparison of operator responses to voice and tone system warnings (Report No. BAE-BT-12051). Bristol, UK: British Aerospace Dynamic Group.
- [12] James, S.H., & James, M.R. (1989). The effects of warning form at and keyboard layout on reaction times to auditory warnings. Proceedings of the Institute of Acoustics, 1(5), 25-42.
- [13] Larkey, L.S., & Danly, M. (1983, November). Fundamental frequency and the comprehension of simple and complex sentences. Paper presented at the 106th meeting of the Acoustical Society of America, San Diego, CA.
- [14] Lodge, M. (1981). Magnitude scaling: Quantitative measurement of opinions. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
- [15] Markel, J.D., & Gray, A.H., Jr. (1976). Linear prediction of speech. New York: Springer-Verlag.
- [16] Otsubo, S.M. (1988). A behavioral study of warning labels for consumer products: Perceived danger and use of pictographs. In Proceedings of the 32nd Meeting of the Human Factors Society (pp. 536-540). Santa Monica, CA: Human Factors Society.
- [17] Simpson, C.A., & Marchionda-Frost, K. (1984). Synthesized speech rate and pitch effects on intelligibility of warning messages for pilots. Human Factors, 26, 509-517.
- [18] Simpson, C.A., McCauley, M.E., Roland, E.F., Ruth, J.C., & Williges, B.H. (1985). System design for speech recognition and generation. Human Factors, 27(2), 115-141.
- [19] Simpson, C.A., McCauley, M.E., Roland, E.F., Ruth, J.C., & Williges, B.H. (1987). Speech controls and displays. In G. Salvendy (Ed.), Handbook on human factors (pp. 1490-1525). New York: Wiley.
- [20] Simpson, C.A., & Williams, D.H. (1980). Response time effects of alerting tone and semantic context for synthesized voice cockpit warnings. Human Factors, 22(3), 319-330.
- [21] Stevens, S.S. (1955). The measure of loudness. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 27, 815-820.
- [22] Stevens, S.S. (1957). On the psychophysical law. Psychological Review, 64, 153-181.
- [23] Stevens, S.S. (1958). Problems and methods of psychophysics. Psychological Bulletin, 55, 177-196.
- [24] Stevens, S.S. (1966). Matching function between loudness and ten other continua. Perception & Psychophysics, 1, 5-8.
- [25] Stevens, S.S., Carton, A.S., & Shickman, G.M . (1958). A scale of apparent intensity of electric shock. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 56, 328-334.
- [26] Stevens, S.S., & Guirao, M. (1963). Subjective scaling of length and area and the matching of length to hardness and brightness. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 59, 60-67.
- [27] Stevens, J.C., & Stevens, S.S. (1963). Brightness function: Effects of adaptation. Journal of the Optical Society of America, 53, 375-385.
- [28] Streeter, L.A., Macdonald, N.H., Apple, W., Krauss, R.M., & Galotti, K.M. (1983). Acoustic and perceptual indicators of emotional stress. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 73, 1354-1360.
- [29] U.S. Department of Defense. (1981). Human engineering design criteria for military systems, equipment and facilities (Report No. MIL-STD-1472C). Washington, DC: Author.
- [30] Wheale, J.L. (1983). Evaluation of an experimental central warning system with a synthesized voice component. Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine, 54, 517-523.
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Typ dokumentu
Bibliografia
Identyfikator YADDA
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