Towards a Political Economy of Renewable Energy: Does Democracy and Globalization Matter for Central and Eastern European Countries (CEECs)

Cengiz, Orhan; Manga, Müge

doi:10.35784/preko.3947

Artykuł - szczegóły

Tytuł artykułu

Towards a Political Economy of Renewable Energy: Does Democracy and Globalization Matter for Central and Eastern European Countries (CEECs)

Autorzy

Cengiz Orhan , Manga Müge

Treść / Zawartość

Pełne teksty:

Pobierz

Identyfikatory

DOI

10.35784/preko.3947

Warianty tytułu

W kierunku ekonomii politycznej energii odnawialnej: czy demokracja i globalizacja mają znaczenie dla krajów Europy Środkowej i Wschodniej (CEEC)

Języki publikacji

Abstrakty

Renewable energy policy is one of the remarkable parts of the sustainable development path. However, the political-economic dimension of renewable energy policies is not so much widely discussed. Besides, democracy and globalization are essential factors affecting renewable energy. Hence, this paper examines the relationship between renewable energy consumption, democracy, and globalization in the Central and Eastern European Countries (CEECs) during the period 1995-2021. Economic growth and CO2 emissions are used as control variables in the model. The study employs the panel vector autoregressive (PVAR) estimation technique to quantify the relationship between renewable energy consumption, democracy, and globalization by including economic growth and CO2 emissions. The findings from the PVAR analysis suggest that participatory democracy and globalization positively affect renewable energy consumption, while liberal democracy, economic growth, and CO2 emissions have a negative impact on it. Furthermore, the PVAR Granger causality test outcomes indicate an interactive causal relationship between variables.

Polityka w zakresie energii odnawialnej jest jednym z godnych uwagi elementów ścieżki zrównoważonego rozwoju. Polityczno-ekonomiczny wymiar polityki w zakresie energii odnawialnej nie jest jednak tak szeroko dyskutowany. Poza tym demokracja i globalizacja są istotnymi czynnikami wpływającymi na energię odnawialną. Dlatego niniejszy artykuł analizuje związek między zużyciem energii odnawialnej, demokracją i globalizacją w krajach Europy Środkowej i Wschodniej (CEEC) w latach 1995-2021. Wzrost gospodarczy i emisje CO2 są wykorzystywane jako zmienne kontrolne w modelu. W badaniu zastosowano technikę szacowania PVAR do ilościowego określenia związku między zużyciem energii odnawialnej, demokracją i globalizacją, uwzględniając wzrost gospodarczy i emisje CO2. Wyniki analizy PVAR sugerują, że demokracja uczestnicząca i globalizacja pozytywnie wpływają na zużycie energii odnawialnej, podczas gdy demokracja liberalna, wzrost gospodarczy i emisje CO2 mają na nie negatywny wpływ. Ponadto wyniki testu przyczynowości PVAR Grangera wskazują na interaktywny związek przyczynowy między zmiennymi.

Słowa kluczowe

renewable energy consumption democracy political economy globalization sustainable development Central and Eastern European Countries CEECs

poziom zużywania energii odnawialnej demokracja ekonomia polityczna globalizacja rozwój zrównoważony kraje Europy Środkowej i Wschodniej CEEC

Wydawca

Lublin University of Technology

Czasopismo

Problemy Ekorozwoju

Rocznik

2023

Tom

Vol. 18, nr 2

Strony

86--101

Opis fizyczny

Biblioghr. 86 poz., fig., tab.

Twórcy

autor

Cengiz Orhan

ocengiz@cu.edu.tr

Çukurova University, Pozantı Vocational School, Department of Accounting and Taxation, Pozantı, Adana, Turkey (Turkey)

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1883-4754

autor

Manga Müge

Erzincan Binali Yıldırım University, FEAS, Department of Economics, Erzincan, Turkey (Turkey)

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2675-2182

Bibliografia

1. ADAMS S., ACHEAMPONG A. O., 2019, Reducing carbon emissions: The role of renewable energy and democracy, Journal of Cleaner Production 240: 118245, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.118245 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.118245 Google Scholar
2. ADAMS S., NSIAH C., 2019, Reducing carbon dioxide emissions; Does renewable energy matter?, Science of the Total Environment 693: 133288, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.07.094. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.07.094 Google Scholar
3. AHMED Z., ADEBAYO T. S., UDEMBA E. N., MURSHED M., KIRIKKALELI D., 2022, Effects of economic com-plexity, economic growth, and renewable energy technology budgets on ecological footprint: the role of democratic ac-countability, Environmental Science and Pollution Research 29: 24925-24940, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-17673-2. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-17673-2 Google Scholar
4. AHMED Z., CAGLAR A. E., MURSHED M., 2022, A path towards environmental sustainability: The role of clean energy and democracy in ecological footprint of Pakistan, Journal of Cleaner Production 358: 132007, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.132007. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.132007 Google Scholar
5. AKALIN G., ERDOGAN S., 2021, Does democracy help reduce environmental degradation?, Environmental Science and Pollution Research 28: 7226-7235, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-11096-1. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-11096-1 Google Scholar
6. AKPANKE T. A., DEKA A., OZDESER H., SERAJ M., 2023, Does foreign direct investment promote renewable energy use? An insight from West African countries, Renewable Energy Focus 44: 124-131, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ref.2022.11.007. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ref.2022.11.007 Google Scholar
7. AMOAH A., ASIAMA R. K., KORLE K., KWABLAH E., 2022, Corruption: Is it a bane to renewable energy consumption in Africa?, Energy Policy 163: 112854, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2022.112854. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2022.112854 Google Scholar
8. APERGIS N., PAYNE J. E., 2010, Renewable energy consumption and economic growth: Evidence from a panel of OECD countries, Energy Policy 38: 656-660, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2009.09.002. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2009.09.002 Google Scholar
9. APERGIS N., PAYNE J. E., 2014, The causal dynamics between renewable energy, real GDP, emissions and oil prices: Evidence from OECD countries, Applied Economics 46(36): 4519-4525, https://doi.org/10.1080/00036846.2014.964834. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00036846.2014.964834 Google Scholar
10. ASONGU S., ODHIAMBO N. M., 2022, Governance and renewable energy consumption in Sub-Saharan Africa, Inter-national Journal of Energy Sector Management 16(2): 209-223, https://doi.org/10.1108/IJESM-10-2020-0009. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJESM-10-2020-0009 Google Scholar
11. AWOSUSI A. A., RJOUB H., DORDUNCU H., KIRIKKALELI D., 2022, Does the potency of economic globalization and political instability reshape renewable energy usage in the face of environmental degradation?, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-23665-7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-23665-7 Google Scholar
12. BAYAR Y., SASMAZ M. U., OZKAYA M. H., 2021, Impact of trade and financial globalization on renewable energy in EU transition economies: A bootstrap panel Granger causality test, Energies 14: 19, https://doi.org/10.3390/en14010019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/en14010019 Google Scholar
13. BEN JEBLI M., BEN YOUSSEF S., 2017, The role of renewable energy and agriculture in reducing CO2 emissions: Evidence for North Africa countries, Ecological Indicators 74: 295-301, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2016.11.032. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2016.11.032 Google Scholar
14. BP, 2022, Statistical Review of World Energy (71st edition), London, Great Britain. Google Scholar
15. BREUSCH T. S., PAGAN A. R., 1980, The Lagrange multiplier test and its applications to model specification in econo-metrics, The Review of Economic Studies 47: 239-253. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2297111 Google Scholar
16. BÜYÜKÖZKAN G., KARABULUT Y., MUKUL E., 2018, A novel renewable energy selection model for United Na-tions’ sustainable development goals, Energy 165: 290-302, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2018.08.2015. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2018.08.215 Google Scholar
17. CADORET I., PADOVANO F., 2016, The political drivers of renewable energies policies, Energy Economics 56: 261-269, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2016.03.003. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2016.03.003 Google Scholar
18. CHEN C., PINAR M., STENGOS T., 2021, Determinants of renewable energy consumption: Importance of democratic institutions, Renewable Energy 179: 75-83, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2021.07.030. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2021.07.030 Google Scholar
19. CHICA-OLMO J., SARI-HASSOUN S., MOYA-FERNÁNDEZ P., 2020, Spatial relationship between economic growth and renewable energy consumption in 26 European countries, Energy Economics 92: 104962, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2020.104962. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2020.104962 Google Scholar
20. ELHEDDAD M., ALFAR A. J. K., HALOUB R., SHARMA N., GOMES P., 2022, The impact of foreign direct in-vestment (FDI) on renewable and non-renewable energy in Bangladesh: Does the global climate change emergencies re-quired?, International Journal of Emergency Services 11(3): 409-421, https://doi.org/10.1108/IJES-12-2021-0083. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJES-12-2021-0083 Google Scholar
21. EREN B. M., TASPINAR N., GOKMENOGLU K. K., 2019, The impact of financial development and economic growth on renewable energy consumption: Empirical analysis of India, Science of the Total Environment 663: 189-197, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.01.323. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.01.323 Google Scholar
22. ERGUN S. J., OWUSU P. A., RIVAS M. F., 2019, Determinants of renewable energy consumption in Africa, Environmental Science and Pollution Research 26: 15390-15405, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-04567-7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-04567-7 Google Scholar
23. FLEMING A., WISE R. M., HANSEN H., SAMS L., 2017, The sustainable development goals: A case study, Marine Policy 86: 94-103, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2017.09.019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2017.09.019 Google Scholar
24. GHAZOUANI T., 2022, Dynamic impact of globalization on renewable energy consumption: Non-parametric modelling evidence, Technological Forecasting & Social Change 185: 122115, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2022.122115. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2022.122115 Google Scholar
25. GLOBAL STATUS REPORT, 2022, Renewables 2022, https://www.ren21.net/gsr-2022/. Google Scholar
26. GOZGOR G., MAHALIK M.K., DEMIR E., PADHAN H., 2020, The impact of economic globalization on renewable energy in the OECD countries, Energy Policy 139: 111365, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2020.111365. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2020.111365 Google Scholar
27. GYGLI S., HAELG F., POTRAFKE N., STURM J. E., 2019. The KOF globalisation index-revisited, The Review of International Organizations 14: 543-574, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11558-019-09344-2. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11558-019-09344-2 Google Scholar
28. HAN J., ZEESHAN M., ULLAH I., REHMAN A., AFRIDI F. E. A., 2022, Trade openness and urbanization impact on renewable and non renewable energy consumption in China, Environmental Science and Pollution Research 29: 41653-41668, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-18353-x. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-18353-x Google Scholar
29. HILLERBRAND R., 2018, Why affordable clean energy is not enough. A capability perspective on the sustainable devel-opment goals, Sustainability 10(7): 2485, https://doi.org/10.3390/su10072485. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su10072485 Google Scholar
30. IEA, 2021, The pandemic continues to slow progress towards universal energy access, https://www.iea.org/commentaries/the-pandemic-continues-to-slow-progress-towards-universal-energy-access (25.02.2023). Google Scholar
31. IEA, 2022, SDG7: Data and Projections, https://www.iea.org/reports/sdg7-data-and-projections (25.02.2023). Google Scholar
32. İNAL V., ADDI H. M., CAKMAK E. E., TORUSDAG M., CALISKAN M., 2022, The nexus between renewable ener-gy, CO2 emissions, and economic growth: Empirical evidence from African oil-producing countries, Energy Reports 8: 1634-1643, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2021.12.051. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2021.12.051 Google Scholar
33. KARAASLAN A., ÇAMKAYA S., 2022, The relationship between CO2 emissions, economic growth, health expendi-ture, and renewable and non-renewable energy consumption: Empirical evidence from Turkey, Renewable Energy 190: 457-466, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2022.03.139. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2022.03.139 Google Scholar
34. KHAN A., CHENGGANG Y., HUSSAIN J., KUI Z., 2021, Impact of technological innovation, financial development and foreign direct investment on renewable energy, non-renewable energy and the environment in belt & road Initiative countries, Renewable Energy 171: 479-491, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2021.02.075. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2021.02.075 Google Scholar
35. LIU Z., AHMAD I., PERVEEN Z., ALVI S., 2023, Do the globalization and imports of capital goods from EU, US and China determine the use of renewable energy in developing countries?, Carbon Management 14(1): 1-12, https://doi.org/10.1080/17583004.2023.2165162. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/17583004.2023.2165162 Google Scholar
36. LOVE I., ZICCHINO L., 2006, Financial development and dynamic investment behavior: Evidence from panel VAR, The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance 46(2): 190-210, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.qref.2005.11.007. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.qref.2005.11.007 Google Scholar
37. LV Z., 2017, The effect of democracy on CO2 emissions in emerging countries: Does the level of income matter?, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 72: 900-906, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.01.096. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.01.096 Google Scholar
38. MACLEAN L. M., BRASS J. N., CARLEY S., EL-ARINI A., BREEN S., 2015, Democracy and the distribution of NGOs promoting renewable energy in Africa, The Journal of Development Studies 51(6): 725-742, https://doi.org/10.1080/00220388.2014.989994. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00220388.2014.989994 Google Scholar
39. MAHMOOD H., TANVEER M., FURQAN M., 2021, Rule of law, corruption control, governance, and economic growth in managing renewable and nonrenewable energy consumption in South Asia, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18: 10637, https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182010637. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182010637 Google Scholar
40. MURSHED M., 2020, An empirical analysis of the non-linear impacts of ICT-trade openness on renewable energy transition, energy efficiency, clean cooking fuel access and environmental sustainability in South Asia, Environmental Science and Pollution Research 27: 36254-36281, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-09497-3. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-09497-3 Google Scholar
41. NAN S., HUANG J., WU J., LI C., 2022, Does globalization change the renewable energy consumption and CO2 emis-sions nexus for OECD countries? New evidence based on the nonlinear PSTR model, Energy Strategy Reviews 44: 100995, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esr.2022.100995. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esr.2022.100995 Google Scholar
42. NGUYEN K. H., KAKINAKA M., 2019, Renewable energy consumption, carbon emissions, and development stages: Some evidence from panel cointegration analysis, Renewable Energy 132: 1049-1057, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2018.08.069. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2018.08.069 Google Scholar
43. NTANOS S., SKORDOULIS M., KYRIAKOPOULOS G., ARABATZIS G., CHALIKIAS M., GALATSIDAS S., BATZIOS A., KATSAROU A., 2018, Renewable Energy and Economic Growth: Evidence from European Countries, Sustainability 10: 2626, https://doi.org/10.3390/su10082626. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su10082626 Google Scholar
44. OLANREWAJU B. T., OLUBUSOYE O. E., ADENIKINJU A., AKINTANDE O. J., 2019, A panel data analysis of renewable energy consumption in Africa, Renewable Energy 140: 668-679, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2019.02.061. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2019.02.061 Google Scholar
45. OMRI A., NGUYEN D. K., 2014, On the determinants of renewable energy consumption: International evidence, Energy 72: 554-560, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2014.05.081. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2014.05.081 Google Scholar
46. OMRI A., SAIDI K., 2022, Factors influencing CO2 emissions in the MENA countries: The roles of renewable and non renewable energy, Environmental Science and Pollution Research 29: 55890-55901, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-19727-5. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-19727-5 Google Scholar
47. OUR WORLD IN DATA, 2023, Our World in Data, https://ourworldindata.org/ (10.01.2023). Google Scholar
48. PADHAN H., PADHANG P. C., TIWARI A. K., AHMEDR., HAMMOUDEH S., 2020, Renewable energy consump-tion and robust globalization(s) in OECD countries: Do oil, carbon emissions and economic activity matter?, Energy Strategy Reviews 32: 100535, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esr.2020.100535. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esr.2020.100535 Google Scholar
49. PAO H. T., FU H. C., 2013, Renewable energy, non-renewable energy and economic growth in Brazil, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 25: 381-392, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2013.05.004. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2013.05.004 Google Scholar
50. PESARAN M. H., YAMAGATA T., 2008, Testing slope homogeneity in large panels, Journal of Econometrics 142: 50-93, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeconom.2007.05.010. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeconom.2007.05.010 Google Scholar
51. PESARAN M. H., 2004, General diagnostic tests for cross section dependence in panels, IZA Discussion Paper No. 1240, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA). DOI: https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.572504 Google Scholar
52. PESARAN M. H., 2007, A simple panel unit root test in the presence of cross‐section dependence, Journal of Applied Econometric 22: 265-312. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/jae.951 Google Scholar
53. PESARAN M. H., ULLAH A., YAMAGATA T., 2008, A bias‐adjusted LM test of error cross‐section independence, The Econometrics Journal 11: 105-127, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1368-423X.2007.00227.x. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1368-423X.2007.00227.x Google Scholar
54. QAMRUZZAMAN M., KARIM S., JAHAN I., 2022, Nexus between economic policy uncertainty, foreign direct in-vestment, government debt and renewable energy consumption in 13 top oil importing nations: Evidence from the symmet-ric and asymmetric investigation, Renewable Energy 195: 121-136, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2022.05.168. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2022.05.168 Google Scholar
55. RAHMAN M. M., SULTANA N., 2022, Impacts of institutional quality, economic growth, and exports on renewable energy: Emerging countries perspective, Renewable Energy 189: 938-951, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2022.03.034. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2022.03.034 Google Scholar
56. REZAGHOLIZADEH M., AGHAEI M., DEHGHAN O., 2020, Foreign direct investment, stock market development, and renewable energy consumption: Case study of Iran, Journal of Renewable Energy and Environment 7(2): 8-18. Google Scholar
57. RITCHIE H., ROSER M., ROSADO P., 2020, CO₂ and greenhouse gas emissions, https://ourworldindata.org/co2-and-greenhouse-gas-emissions (21.01.2023). Google Scholar
58. ROMUALD K. S., 2011, Democratic institutions and environmental quality: Effects and transmission channels, Proceed-ings of the German Development Economics Conference, Berlin: 1-43. Google Scholar
59. SAADAOUI H., CHTOUROU N., 2022, Do institutional quality, financial development, and economic growth improve renewable energy transition? Some evidence from Tunisia, Journal of the Knowledge Economy, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13132-022-00999-8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13132-022-00999-8 Google Scholar
60. SADORSKY P., 2009a, Renewable energy consumption, CO2 emissions and oil prices in the G7 countries, Energy Economics 31: 456-462, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2008.12.010. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2008.12.010 Google Scholar
61. SADORSKY P., 2009b, Renewable energy consumption and income in emerging economies, Energy Policy 37: 4021-4028, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2009.05.003. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2009.05.003 Google Scholar
62. SAIDI H., MONTASSER G. E., AJMI A. N., 2020, The role of institutions in the renewable energy-growth nexus in the MENA region: A panel cointegration approach, Environmental Modeling & Assessment 25: 259-276, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10666-019-09672-y. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10666-019-09672-y Google Scholar
63. SALAHODJAEV R., SHARIPOV K., RAKHMANOV N., KHABIROV D., 2022, Tourism, renewable energy and CO2 emissions: Evidence from Europe and Central Asia, Environment, Development and Sustainability 24: 13282-13293, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-021-01993-x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-021-01993-x Google Scholar
64. SALARI M., KELLY I., DOYTCH N., JAVID R. J., 2021, Economic growth and renewable and non-renewable energy consumption: Evidence from the U.S. states, Renewable Energy 178: 50-65, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2021.06.016. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2021.06.016 Google Scholar
65. SEETANAH B., SANNASSEE R. V., FAUZEL S., SOOBARUTH Y., GIUDICI G., NGUYEN A. P. H., 2018, Im-pact of economic and financial development on environmental degradation: Evidence from Small Island Developing States (SIDS), Emerging Markets Finance and Trade, https://doi.org/10.1080/1540496X.2018.1519696. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1540496X.2018.1519696 Google Scholar
66. SEQUEIRA T. N., SANTOS M. S., 2018, Renewable energy and politics: A systematic review and new evidence, Jour-nal of Cleaner Production 192: 553-568, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.04.190. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.04.190 Google Scholar
67. SHERPA K. C., SATPATI G. G., MAL N., KHALKO A. S., RAJAK R. C., 2022, Effect of the COVID-19 on access to affordable and clean energy, COVID-19 and the Sustainable Development Goals, eds. Dehghani M. H., Karri R. R., Roy S., Elsevier: 79-104, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-91307-2.00011-0. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-91307-2.00011-0 Google Scholar
68. SILVA P. P. D., CERQUEIRA P. A., OGBE W., 2018, Determinants of renewable energy growth in Sub Saharan Afri-ca: Evidence from panel ARDL, Energy 156: 45-54, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2018.05.068. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2018.05.068 Google Scholar
69. SUN Y., LI H., ANDLIB Z., GENIE M. G., 2022, How do renewable energy and urbanization cause carbon emissions? Evidence from advanced panel estimation techniques, Renewable Energy 185: 996-1005, https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.renene.2021.12.112. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2021.12.112 Google Scholar
70. UNITED NATIONS, 2015, Sustainable Development Goal 7, https://sdgs.un.org/goals/goal7 (25.02.2023). Google Scholar
71. UZAR U., 2020, Political economy of renewable energy: Does institutional quality make a difference in renewable energy consumption?, Renewable Energy 155: 591-603, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2020.03.172. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2020.03.172 Google Scholar
72. WAHEED R., CHANG D., SARWAR S., CHEN W., 2018, Forest, agriculture, renewable energy, and CO2 emission, Journal of Cleaner Production 172: 4231-4238, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.10.287. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.10.287 Google Scholar
73. WANG E., GOZGOR G., MAHALIK M. K., PATEL G., HU G., 2022, Effects of institutional quality and political risk on the renewable energy consumption in the OECD countries, Resources Policy 79: 103041,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2022.103041. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2022.103041 Google Scholar
74. WANG N., ZHU H., GUO Y., PENG C., 2018, The heterogeneous effect of democracy, political globalization, and ur-banization on PM2.5 concentrations in G20 countries: Evidence from panel quantile regression, Journal of Cleaner Pro-duction 194: 54-68, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.05.092. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.05.092 Google Scholar
75. WANG Q., DONG Z., LI R., WANG L., 2022, Renewable energy and economic growth: New insight from country risks, Energy 238: 122018, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2021.122018. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2021.122018 Google Scholar
76. WEI X., MOHSIN M., ZHANG Q., 2022, Role of foreign direct investment and economic growth in renewable energy development, Renewable Energy 192: 828-837, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2022.04.062. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2022.04.062 Google Scholar
77. WESTERLUND J., 2005, New simple tests for panel cointegration, Econometric Reviews 24(3): 297-316, https://doi.org/10.1080/07474930500243019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/07474930500243019 Google Scholar
78. WORLD BANK, 2023, World Development Indicators, https://data.worldbank.org/ (12.01.2023). Google Scholar
79. WU L., BROADSTOCK D. C., 2015, Does economic, financial and institutional development matter for renewable energy consumption? Evidence from emerging economies, International Journal of Economic Policy in Emerging Economies 8(1): 20-39, https://doi.org/10.1504/IJEPEE.2015.068246. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1504/IJEPEE.2015.068246 Google Scholar
80. YAZDI S. K., SHAKOURI B., 2017, The globalization, financial development, renewable energy, and economic growth, Energy Sources, Part B: Economics, Planning, and Policy 12(8): 707-714, https://doi.org/10.1080/15567249.2017.1292329. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15567249.2017.1292329 Google Scholar
81. YOU W. H., ZHU H.M., YU K., PENG C., 2015, Democracy, financial openness, and global carbon dioxide emissions: Heterogeneity across existing emission levels, World Development 66: 189-207, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2014.08.013. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2014.08.013 Google Scholar
82. YU J., TANG Y. M., CHAU K. Y., NAZAR R., ALI S., IQBAL W., 2022, Role of solar-based renewable energy in mitigating CO2 emissions: Evidence from quantile-on-quantile estimation, Renewable Energy 182: 216-226, https://doi.org/.renene.2021.10.002. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2021.10.002 Google Scholar
83. ZEREN F., AKKUS H. T., 2020, The relationship between renewable energy consumption and trade openness: New evidence from emerging economies, Renewable Energy 147: 322-329, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2019.09.006. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2019.09.006 Google Scholar
84. ZHANG Y., SU L., JIN W., YANG Y., 2022, The impact of globalization on renewable energy development in the coun-tries along the belt and road based on the moderating effect of the digital economy, Sustainability 14: 6031, https://doi.org/10.3390/su14106031. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su14106031 Google Scholar
85. ZHAO X., LUO D., 2017, Driving force of rising renewable energy in China: Environment, regulation and employment, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 68: 48-56, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.09.126. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.09.126 Google Scholar
86. ZHOU A., LI, J., 2022, How do trade liberalization and human capital affect renewable energy consumption? Evidence from the panel threshold model, Renewable Energy 184: 332-342, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2021.11.096. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2021.11.096 Google Scholar

Typ dokumentu

Bibliografia

Identyfikator YADDA

bwmeta1.element.baztech-83edf014-b105-4774-a23a-6f76780d74a5