Transmission of Disaster Warnings via Control Channels in Cellular Networks

• Autorzy: Aal-Nouman Mohammed I. , Abdullah Osamah , Salman Omar Hussein , Al-Shaikhli Noor Qusay A.

Identyfikatory

DOI

10.26636/jtit.2020.140820

• Języki publikacji: EN

Abstrakty

EN

According to United Nations reports, natural disasters caused, worldwide, approximately 100,000 deaths and affected 175 million people each year between 2004 and 2013. To reduce those numbers, countries around the globe have made specific arrangements enabling them to warn the population about imminent disasters, in order to evacuate the area in due time. But providing such warnings in areas where no Internet access is available poses a great challenge. In this paper, we proposed a method to transmit early warning messages via UMTS cellular networks, while relying on spare extensions of control channels (FACH). The results obtained are validate based on their comparison with theoretical considerations and are also benchmarked against the 3GPP standard. The results show that messages may be sent faster than with the use of the 3GPP standard.

Słowa kluczowe

EN

control channel; disaster reduction; early warning message; mobile network

• Wydawca: Instytut Łączności - Państwowy Instytut Badawczy
• Czasopismo: Journal of Telecommunications and Information Technology
• Rocznik: 2020
• Tom: nr 4
• Strony: 53--61
• Opis fizyczny: Bibliogr. 45 poz., rys., tab.

Twórcy

autor

Aal-Nouman Mohammed I.

• College of Information Engineering, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad, Iraq

autor

Abdullah Osamah

• Department of Electrical Power Engineering Techniques, Al-Ma'moon University College, Baghdad, Iraq

autor

Salman Omar Hussein

• Engineering College/Network Department, Al Iraqia University, Baghdad, Iraq

autor

Al-Shaikhli Noor Qusay A.

• College of Information Engineering, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad, Iraq

Bibliografia

• [1] „The human cost of natural disasters: A global perspective", UN Office for Dis. Risk Red., Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Dis. (CRED) 2015 [Online]. Available: https://climate-adapt.eea.europa.eu/metadata/publications/thehuman-cost-of-natural-disasters-2015-a-globalperspective/11258275
• [2] C. B. Mayhorn and A. C. McLaughlin, „Warning the world of extreme events: A global perspective on risk communication for natural and technological disaster", Safety Sci., vol. 61, pp. 43-50, 2014 (DOI: 10.1016/j.ssci.2012.04.014).
• [3] M. Azam, H. S. Kim, and S. J. Maeng, „Development of ood alert application in Mushim stream watershed Korea", Int. J. of Dis. Risk Red., vol. 21, pp. 11-26, 2017 (DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdrr.2016.11.008).
• [4] C. Roy, S. K. Sarkar, J. Aberg, and R. Kovordanyi, „The current cyclone early warning system in Bangladesh: providers' and receivers' views", Int. J. of Dis. Risk Red., vol. 12, pp. 285-299, 2015 (DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdrr.2015.02.004).
• [5] E. A. Gencer, „Local government powers for disaster risk reduction: A study on local-level authority and capacity for resilience", UN Office for Dis. Risk Red., Center for Urban Dis. Risk Red. & Resilience, 2017 [Online]. Available: https://www.unisdr.org/campaign///resilientcities/assets/toolkit/documents/LG%20Powers%20for%20DRR/ 2017/ Final/ 20170531.pdf
• [6] „The Sendai framework for disaster risk reduction 2015-2030", UN Office for Dis. Risk Red., 2015 [Online]. Available: https://preventionweb.net/files/43291 sendaiframeworkfordrren.pdf
• [7] „How to make cities more resilient: a handbook for local government leaders: a contribution to the global campaign 2010-2015: ma king cities resilient - my city is getting ready!", UN Office for Dis. Risk Red. Geneva, Switzerland, 2012 [Online]. Available: https://preventionweb.net/files/26462handbook_nalonlineversion.pdf
• [8] H. Nakamura, H. Umeki, and T. Kato, „Importance of Communications and knowledge of disasters in community-based disasterprevention meetings", Safety Sci., 2016 (DOI: 10.1016/j.ssci.2016.08.024).
• [9] N. Kapucu, „Disaster and emergency management systems in Urban areas", Cities, vol. 29, no. S1, pp. S41-S49, 2012 (DOI: 10.1016/j.cities.2011.11.009).
• [10] M. Basu, S. Ghosh, A. Jana, S. Bandyopadhyay, and R. Singh, „Resource mapping during a natural disaster: A case study on the 2015 Nepal earthquake", Int. J. of Dis. Risk Red., vol. 24, pp. 24-31, 2017 (DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdrr.2017.05.020).
• [11] B. Balis, T. Bartynski, M. Bubak, G. Dyk, T. Gubala, and M. Kasztelnik, „A development and execution environment for early warning systems for natural disasters", in 13th IEEE/ACM Int. Symp. on Cluster, Cloud and Grip Computing, Delft, Netherlands, 2013 (DOI: 10.1109/CCGrid.2013.101).
• [12] Z. N. K. Wafi, M. F. A. Malek, S. H. Alnajjar, and R. Badlishah Ahmad, „Early warning system for disaster management in rural area", in 2015 Int. Symp. on Tech. Management and Emerging Technol. (ISTMET), Langkawai Island, Malaysia, 2015 (DOI: 10.1109/ISTMET.2015.7359061).
• [13] J. M. Cole and B. L. Murphy, „Rural hazard risk Communications and public education: Strategic and tactical best practices", Int. J. of Disaster Risk Red., vol. 10, Part A, pp. 292-304, 2014 (DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdrr.2014.10.001).
• [14] R. Ramirez, „A model for rural and remote information and Communications technologies: a Canadian exploration", Telecommun. Policy, vol. 25, no. 5, pp. 315-330, 2001 (DOI: 10.1016/S0308-5961(01)00007-6).
• [15] B. L. Murphy, „Emergency management and the August 14th, 2003 Blackout", ICLR Research, 2004 (ISBN: 0973379561). [16] „Shutting down the internet to shut up critics" Human Right Watch, 2020 [Online]. Available: https://hrw.org/world-report/2020/countrychapters/global-5
• [17] „Global state of mobile networks", Opensignal, 2020 [Online]. Available: https://opensignal.com/reports/2016/08/global-state-ofthe-mobile-network
• [18] „World Time Zone", [Online]. Available: https://worldtimezone.com/4g.html
• [19] „2G, 3G, 4G... OMG! What G is Right for M2M?", Aeris Communications 2013 [Online]. Available: https://connectedworld.com/wpcontent/uploads/2014/07/Whitepaper Aeris 2G3G4GOMG.pdf
• [20] V. Parameswaran and M. Shanmugasundaram, „Journey of wireless communication", in Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems, G. Ranganathan, J. Chen, Á. Rocha, Eds. Inventive Commun. And Computational Technol., vol. 89, Springer, Singapore, 2020 (DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-0146-3 28).
• [21] T. Hidayat, R. Mahardiko, and M. Alaydrus, „Mobile cellular technology forecast for the Indonesian telecommunications industry", J. of Telecommun. and the Digital Economy, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 37-48, 2020 (DOI: 10.18080/jtde.v8n1.226).
• [22] A. S. Arifin and A. Fadrian, „Study on sustainability of Indonesia 2G operator", in 2019 16th Int. Conf. on Quality in Research (QIR): Int. Sym. on Electrical and Computer Eng., Padang, Indonesia, pp. 1-5, 2019 (DOI: 10.1109/QIR.2019.8897909).
• [23] „Vodafone to switch off 2G network in 2018", Vodafone, 2016 [Online]. Available: https://vodafone.com.au/media/vodafone-to-switchoff-2g-network-next-year
• [24] N. Kwon and Y. Kwon, „Terminating 2G service in Korea: Policy issues and suggestions", Int. Tel. Policy Review, vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 1-26, 2014 [Online]. Available: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2418848
• [25] „Infocomm media development authority, 2G services to cease on 1 April 2017", 2017 [Online]. Available: https://imda.gov.sg/newsand-events/Media-Room/Media-Releases/2017/2g-services-to-ceaseon-1-april-2017
• [26] „The Sunset of 2G/3G Is Coming. Is Your Business Ready?", James Brehm Associates, 2016 [Online]. Available: https://business.att.com/content/dam/attbusiness/briefs/are-youready-for-2G-3G-sunset-white-paper.pdf
• [27] „AT&T has oficially shut down its 2G network", 2017 [Online]. Available: https://www.gsmarena.com/at t has oficially shut down its 2g network-blog-22811.php
• [28] Mobile World Live, [Online]. Available: https://mobile-worldlive.com
• [29] „Bye bye 2G", Swisscom, [Online]. Available: https://swisscom.ch/en/about/company/portrait/network/5g/2g-phase-out.html
• [30] P. Á. Colás, J. Bada, and J. Guerrero „The status of the 2G/3G network sunset", 2019 [Online]. Available: https://nae.global/en/the-status-of-the-2g-3g-network-sunset
• [31] „STC confirms switching-off its 3G network", 2020 [Online]. Available: https://www.stc.com.sa/wps/wcm/connect/english/stc/NewsItems/stc-confirms-switching-off-3g-network
• [32] MyBroadband, „Vodacom wants to turn off its 2G service in South Africa", Business Tech, 2019 [Online]. Available: https://businesstech.co.za/news/telecommunications/334999/vodacom-wants-to-turn-off-its-2g-service-in-south-africa/
• [33] T-Mobile Netherlands, „T-Mobile schakelt het 2G-netwerk in 2020 uit" [Online]. Available: https://www.t-mobile.nl/2g-uitzetten [in Dutch]
• [34] „UTRAN Iub interface user plane protocols for Common Transport Channel data streams", 3GPP, vol. 14, 2017 [Online]. Available: https://portal.3gpp.org/desktopmodules/Specifications/SpecificationDetails.aspx?specificationId”=1207
• [35] H. Zang, G. Wang, M. Lu, D. Wang, and P. Xu, „Emergency warning and bidirectional communication via digital audio broadcast", In IEEE Int. Conf. on Consumer Electronics (ICCE), Las Vegas, USA, 2017 (DOI: 10.1109/ICCE.2017.7889248).
• [36] D. Singh, D. Piplani, S. Shinde, and S. Karthik, „mKRISHI fisheries: a case study on early warning system (EWS) for disaster Communications and management", in 2016 IEEE Int. Symp. on Technol. And Society (ISTAS), pp. 1-6, Kollam, India, 2016 (DOI: 10.1109/ISTAS.2016.7764280).
• [37] Z. Chen, C. Fang, and R. Deng, „Research and application of Jinggangshan geological disaster prevention system based on wireless sensor network system", in 2015 23rd Int. Conf. on Geoinformatics, Wuhan, China, 2015 (DOI: 10.1109/GEOINFORMATICS.2015.7378716).
• [38] M. Erd, F. Schaeffer, M. Kostic, and L. M. Reindl, „Event monitoring in emergency scenarios using energy eficient wireless sensor nodes for the disaster information management", Int. J. of Disaster Risk Red., vol. 16, pp. 33-42, 2016 (DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdrr.2016.01.001).
• [39] G. Solmaz and D. Turgut, „Modeling pedestrian mobility in dis aster areas", Pervasive and Mobile Comput., vol. 40, pp. 104-122, 2017 (DOI: 10.1016/j.pmcj.2017.05.005).
• [40] P. M. Landwehr, W. Wei, M. Kowalchuck, and K. M. Carley, „Using tweets to support disaster planning, warning and response", Safety Science, vol. 90, pp. 33-47, 2016 (DOI: 10.1016/j.ssci.2016.04.012).
• [41] K. M. Carley, M. Malik, P. M. Landwehr, J. Pfeffer, and M. Kowalchuck, „Crowd sourcing disaster management: The complex nature of Twitter usage in Padang Indonesia", Safety Science, vol. 90, pp. 48-61, 2016 (DOI: 10.1016/j.ssci.2016.04.002).
• [42] M. Aal-Nouman, O. H. Salman, H. Takruri-Rizk, and M. Hope, „A new architecture for location-based services core network to preserze user privacy", in 2017 Annual Conf. on New Trends in Information & Commun. Technol. Applications (NTICT), pp. 286-291, Baghdad, 2017 (DOI: 10.1109/NTICT.2017.7976118).
• [43] „Physical channels and mapping of transport channels onto physical channels (FDD)", 3GPP, vol. 14, 2017 [Online]. Available: https://portal.3gpp.org/desktopmodules/Specifications/SpecificationDetails.aspx?specificationId=467
• [44] „Digital cellular telecommunications system (Phase 2+) (GSM); Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS); LTE; Circuit Switched (CS) fallback in Evolved Packet System (EPS); Stage 2", 2020 [Online]. Available: https://www.etsi.org/deliver/etsi ts/123200 123299/123272/16.00.00 60/ts 123272v160000p.pdf
• [45] „Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA); Radio Resource Control (RRC); Protocol specification", 3GPP, vol. 16, 2020. [Online]. Available: https://portal.3gpp.org/desktopmodules/Specifications/SpecificationDetails.aspx?specificationId=2440

Uwagi

Opracowanie rekordu ze środków MNiSW, umowa Nr 461252 w ramach programu "Społeczna odpowiedzialność nauki" - moduł: Popularyzacja nauki i promocja sportu (2021).