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This article provides an assessment of the defense efforts undertaken by Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania since 2014. This analysis is focused on national efforts in the field of military defense and societal resilience. The assessment of defense efforts undertaken by the Baltic states has been based on their pragmatic perception of threats, development of military capabilities, and preparations in the field of civil resilience. The research references publicly available governmental documents of the Baltic states, such as security and defense strategies and concepts, defense plans, and budgets. It discusses recent research and analytical works in the field of and defense of the Baltic states. The research suggests that despite national modalities, all of the Baltic states are implementing core elements of the comprehensive defense. Although there is solid progress in implementing comprehensive defense in Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania, there are still many challenges ahead.
Czasopismo
Rocznik
Tom
Strony
71--81
Opis fizyczny
Bibliogr. 26 poz.
Twórcy
autor
- Baltic Defense College, Tartu, Estonia
autor
- University of Natural Sciences and Humanities, Faculty of Social Sciences, Siedlce, Poland
autor
- General Jonas Žemaitis Military Academy of Lithuania, Vilnius
Bibliografia
- 1. Andzas, M., & Veebel, V. (2017). Deterrence Dilemma in Latvia and Estonia: Finding the Balance between External Military Solidarity and Territorial Defense. Journal on Baltic Security, 3 (2), 29–41. https://doi.org/10.1515/jobs-2017-0005
- 2. Bankauskaite, D., Berzins, J., Lawrence, T., Šlekys, D., Swaney, B., & Hammes T. X. (2020). Baltics Left of Bang: Comprehensive Defense in the Baltic States. Strategic Forum, 307, 1–19. https://inss.ndu.edu/Media/News/Article/2393851/baltics-left-of-bang-comprehensive-defense-in-the-baltic-states/
- 3. Cieślak, E. (2021). Air defense of the Baltic states. Looking toward the future. Safety & Defense, 7(2), 12–21. https://doi.org/10.37105/sd.158
- 4. Flanagan, S. J., Osburg, J., Binnendijk, A., Kepe, M., & Radin, A. (2019). Deterring Russian Aggression in the Baltic States through Resilience and Resistance. RAND Corporation. https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RR2779.html
- 5. Glińska, P. (2018, July 18). WOT: zacieśniamy współpracę z Estonią. Polska Zbrojna. http://www.polska-zbrojna.pl/home/articleshow/25900?t=WOT-zaciesniamy-wspolprace-z-Estonia-#
- 6. LETA. (2020, October 20). Latvia’s Defense Ministry to focus on army modernization and cyber security in 2021. https://bnn-news.com/latvias-defense-ministry-to-focus-on-army-modernization-and-cyber-security-in-2021-218030
- 7. Małysa, T. (2017). Wojska obrony terytorialnej w państwach bałtyckich. Bezpieczeństwo. Teoria i Praktyka, 3(2017), 225–236.
- 8. Minis try of Defense of the Republic of Estonia. (2017). Estonian Military Defense 2026. https://kaitseministeerium.ee/sites/default/files/sisulehed/eesmargid_tegevused/rkak2026-a6-spreads_eng-v6.pdf
- 9. Ministry of Defense of the Republic of Estonia. (2018). National Defense Action Plan 2019-2022. http://www.kaitseministeerium.ee/en/objectives-activities/defense-planning/national-defense-action-plan-2019-2022
- 10. Ministry of Defense of the Republic of Estonia. (2019). National Defense Action Plan 2020-2023: Introduction. https://kaitseministeerium.ee/sites/default/files/mdap_2020-2023_introduction_en_rm.pdf
- 11. Ministry of Defense of the Republic of Estonia. (2021, April 26). Estonian defense budget 2021. https://kaitseministeerium.ee/en/objectives-activities/defense-budget
- 12. Ministry of Defense of the Republic of Latvia. (2020). Saeima approves the National Defense Concept. https://www.mod.gov.lv/en/news/saeima-approves-national-defense-concept
- 13. Ministry of National Defense of the Republic of Latvia. (2016). The National Security Concept of the Republic of Latvia (informative section). https://www.mod.gov.lv/sites/mod/files/document/NDK_ENG_final.pdf
- 14. Ministry of National Defense of the Republic of Latvia. (2019). Comprehensive National Defense in Latvia. https://www.mod.gov.lv/sites/mod/files/document/Comprehensive%20National%20Defense%20in%20Latvia.docx
- 15. Ministry of National Defense of the Republic of Lithuania (2017). The White Paper on Lithuanian Defense Policy. https://kam.lt/en/defence_policy_1053/important_documents.html
- 16. Ministry of National Defense of the Republic of Lithuania, (2014, December). New Statute on Use of Military Force will allow to immediately use Armed Forces in response to non-conventional threats in peacetime. http://kam.lt/en/news_1098/current_issues/new_statute_on_use_of_military_force_will_allow_to_immediately_use_armed_forces_in_response_to_non-conventional_threats_in_peacetime.html
- 17. Ministry of National Defense of the Republic of Lithuania. (2016, March). The military Strategy of the Republic of Lithuania. https://kam.lt/en/defence_policy_1053/important_documents/strategical_documents.html
- 18. Nikers, O. (2016). Inside Latvia’s New State Defense Concept: Riga Declares Its Military Ambitions Ahead of NATO Summit. Eurasia Daily Monitor (104). https://jamestown.org/program/inside-latvias-new-state-defense-concept-riga-declares-its-military-ambitions-ahead-of-nato-summit/#.V1Z40vl96Uk
- 19. Ploom, I., Sliwa Z., & Veebel, V. (2020). The NATO “Defender 2020” exercise in the Baltic States: Will measured escalation lead to credible deterrence or provoke an escalation? Comparative Strategy, 39 (4), 368-384. https://doi.org/10.1080/01495933.2020.1772626
- 20. Riigikogu. (2017). The National Security Concept of Estonia. Republic of Estonia. https://kaitseministeerium.ee/sites/default/files/elfinder/article_files/national_security_concept_2017_0.pdf
- 21. Rostoks, T., & Vanaga, N. (2016). Latvia’s Security and Defense Post-2014. Journal on Baltic Security, 2(2), 71–108.
- 22. Saeima. (2012). The State Defense Concept, approved by Saeima (Parliament) on 10 May 2012. Republic of Latvia. https://www.mod.gov.lv/sites/mod/files/document/Koncepcija_ENG pdf
- 23. Veebel, V. (2019, November 22). Are the Baltic States Convincing Russia by Developing their Defence Capability? RKK. https://icds.ee/en/are-the-baltic-states-convincing-russia-by-developing-their-defence-capability/
- 24. Vileikiene, E., Pociene, A., & Alekneviciene, J. (2015). Analysis of Volunteer Soldiers’ Attitudes to Service in the Lithuanian Military. Lithuanian Annual Strategic Review, 13 (1), 243–265. https://doi.org/10.1515/lasr-2015-0012
- 25. Zaleski, K., Sliwa, Z., & Veebel, V. (2020). Baltic visions and dilemmas of territorial defense after 16 years in NATO. Journal of International Studies, 13 (4), 184–196. https://doi.org/10.14254/2071-8330.2020/13-4/13
- 26. Zdanavicius, L., & Statkus, N. (2020). Strengthening Resilience of Lithuania in an Era of Great Power Competition: The Case for Total Defense. Journal of Baltic Security, 6 (2), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.2478/jobs-2020-0009
Typ dokumentu
Bibliografia
Identyfikator YADDA
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