Hydrocarbon and aqueous inclusions in minerals : a review of analyses and interpretations for Paleozoic rocks in Poland

• Autorzy: Jarmołowicz-Szulc Katarzyna

Identyfikatory

DOI

10.7306/gq.1625

• Języki publikacji: EN

Abstrakty

EN

Two decades of microthermometric studies of fluid inclusions within cements of Paleozoic sedimentary rocks in Poland are reviewed. The inclusions contain palaeofluids of variable composition: aqueous, brine, and hydrocarbon. They may be primary and/or secondary in origin and have one, two or more phases. They display visual fluorescence in blue, sometimes yellow to red (oil) or dull blue (one phase, methane) colours, or do not fluoresce at all. Based on the fluorescence characteristics in ultraviolet light, the inclusions' hydrocarbons infill character may be estimated. The homogenization temperatures, which correspond to the minimum estimate of the trapping temperatures in the minerals, show variability in respect to the geological history of the area studied. They point to different geological stages in relation to the basin's burial evolution. Microthermometric analyses enable wider interpretation due to the combination of studies of both hydrocarbon and aqueous inclusions. The presence of oil and/or gas in inclusions is proof of the occurrence and/or migration of oil and gas in the rocks of a region.

Słowa kluczowe

EN

fluid inclusions; hydrocarbons; Paleozoic; Baltic Sea; Polish Lowlands

• Wydawca: Państwowy Instytut Geologiczny - Państwowy Instytut Badawczy
• Czasopismo: Geological Quarterly
• Rocznik: 2021
• Tom: Vol. 65, No. 4
• Strony: art. no. 56
• Opis fizyczny: Bibliogr. 96 poz., fot., map., rys., tab., wykr.

Twórcy

autor

Jarmołowicz-Szulc Katarzyna

• Polish Geological Institute - National Research Institute, Rakowiecka 4, 00-975 Warszawa, Poland

Bibliografia

• 1. Anderson, T.F., Arthur, M.A., 1983. Stable isotopes of oxygen and carbon and their application to sedimentologic and paleoenvironmental problems. SEPM Short Course, 10: 1-151.
• 2. Aplin, C.A., McLeod, G., Larter, S.R., Pedersen, K.S., Soerensen, H., Booth, T., 1999. Combined use of Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy and pVT simulation for estimating the composition and physical properties of petroleum in fluid inclusions. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 16: 97-110.
• 3. Atkins, P.W., 1982. Fluorescence. Physical Chemistry, 2nd edn. Oxford University Press.
• 4. Aulstead, K.L., Spencer, R.J., Krouse, H.R., 1988. Fluid inclusion and isotopic evidence on dolomitization, Devonian of western Canada. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 52: 1027-1035.
• 5. Bakker, R.J., 2003. Package FLUIDS 1. Computer programs for analysis of fluid inclusion data and for modelling bulk fluid properties. Chemical Geology, 194: 3-23.
• 6. Bakker R.J., Brown, P.E., 2003 - Computer modelling in fluid inclusion research. Short Course, Mineralogical Association of Canada,32: 175-212.
• 7. Blamey, N., Ryder, A.G., Geddes, C.D., Lakowicz, J.R., 2007. Hydrocarbon fluid inclusion fluorescence: a review. In: Reviews in Fluorescence (eds. C.D. Geddes and J.R. Lakowicz). Springer.
• 8. Bodnar, R.J., 1990. Petroleum migration in the Miocene Monterey Formation, California, USA: constraints from fluid inclusion studies. Mineralogical Magazine, 54: 295-304.
• 9. Bodnar, R.J., 1992. Revised equation and table for freezing point depression of H2O-salt fluid inclusions. PACROFI IV, Fourth Biennial Pan-American Conference on Research on Fluid Inclusions, Program and Abstracts, Lake Arrowhead, C.A., 4: 15.
• 10. Brown, P., 1982. Flincor: a microcomputer program for the reduction and investigation of fluid inclusion data. American Mineralogist,74: 1390-1393.
• 11. Burruss, R.C., 1981. Hydrocarbon FI studies of sedimentary diagenesis. Short Course Mineralogical Association of Canada, 6: 138-156.
• 12. Burruss, R.C., 2003. Raman Spectroscopy of fluid inclusions. Short Course Mineralogical Association of Canada, 32: 279-289. Burruss, R.C., Toth, D.J., Goldstein, R.H.,1980. Fluorescence microscopy of hydrocarbon fluid inclusions: relative timing of hydrocarbon migration events in the Arkoma Basin, N.W. Arkansas (abstract). EOS, 61: 400.
• 13. Burruss, R.C., Cercone, K.R., Harris, P.M., 1983. Fluid inclusion petrography and tectonic burial history of the Ali No2 well: evidence for timing diagenesis and oil migration, Northern Oman Foredeep. Geology 11: 567-570.
• 14. Burruss, R.C., Hatch, J.R., 1989. Geochemistry of oils and hydrocarbons source rocks, greater Anadarko basin: evidence for multiple sources of oils and long distance oil migration. Oklahoma Geological Survey Circulation, 90: 53-64.
• 15. Clayton, R. N., Mayeda, T., 1963. The use of bromine pentafluoride in the extraction of oxygen from oxides and silicates for isotopic analysis. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 27: 47-52.
• 16. Clayton, R.N., O'Neil, J.R., Mayeda, T.K., 1972. Oxygen isotope exchange between quartz and water. Journal of Geophysical Research, 77: 3057-3067.
• 17. Dudok, I.V., Jarmołowicz-Szulc, K., 2000. Hydrocarbon inclusions in vein quartz (the “Marmarosh diamonds”) from the Krosno and Dukla zones of the Ukrainian Carpathians. Geological Quarterly, 44 (4): 415-424.
• 18. Dudok, I.V., Kotarba, M., Jarmołowicz-Szulc, K., 2002. Employment of the pyrolitic methods in geochemical studies of organic matter of vein formations (in Ukrainian with English summary). Geologiya i Geokhimya Goryuchikh Kopalin, 1: 1-15.
• 19. Durakiewicz, T., 1996. Electron emission control with pulsed heating of filament. International Journal Mass Spectrometry Ion Processes, 156: 31-40.
• 20. Durakiewicz, T., Hałas, S.,1994. Triple collector system for isotope ratio mass-spectrometer. Inf. UMCS Report: 131-132.
• 21. Frezzotti, M.L., Tecce, F., Casagli, A., 2012. Raman spectroscopy for fluid inclusion analyses. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 112: 1-20.
• 22. George, S.C., Ruble, T.E., Dutkiewicz, A., Eadington, P.J., 2001. Assessing the maturity of oil trapped in fluid inclusions using molecular geochemistry data and visually-determined fluorescence colors. Applied Geochemistry, 16: 451-473.
• 23. Goldstein, R.H., Reynolds, T.J., 1994. Systematics of fluid inclusions in diagenetic minerals. SEPM Short Course, 31.
• 24. Goldstein, R.H., Rossi, D., 2002. Recrystallization in quartz overgrowths. Journal of Sedimentary Research, 72: 432-440.
• 25. Górski, M., Trela, M., 1997. Geometric system and estimation of properties of the reservoir series of the BMB oil field based on 3D seismic image (in Polish with English summary). Przegląd Geologiczny, 45: 685-692.
• 26. Hervig, R. L., Williams P., Thomas, R. M., Schauer, S. N., Steele, I.M., 1992. Microanalysis of oxygen isotopes in insulators by secondary ion mass spectrometry. International Journal Mass Spectrometry Ion Processes, 120: 45-63.
• 27. Jankowski, L., Jarmołowicz-Szulc, K., 2009. Particular tectonic zones (the mélange zones) as potential and significant paths for fluid migration and mineral formation. Mineralogical Review, 59: 31-44.
• 28. Jarmołowicz-Szulc, K., 1998. Quartz cements in the Cambrian sandstones, Żarnowiec region, N Poland: a fluid inclusion study. Geological Quarterly, 42 (3): 311-318.
• 29. Jarmołowicz-Szulc, K., 1999a. Badania izotopowe i inkluzji fluidalnych w cementach diagenetycznych złoża gazu Paproć-Cicha Góra (in Polish). Przegląd Geologiczny, 47: 476-477.
• 30. Jarmołowicz-Szulc, K., 1999b. Fluid inclusion systematics in the pore space fillings of the Paleozoic sedimentary rocks in Polish Lowlands (in Polish with English summary). Przegląd Geologiczny, 47: 542-546.
• 31. Jarmołowicz-Szulc, K., 2000. Mineralogiczno-geochemiczne środowisko tworzenia „diamentów marmaroskich” na podstawie badań inkluzji fluidalnych w minerałach żyłowych Karpat Zewnętrznych (in Polish). Archive materials Nr 2351/2000. Centralne Archiwum Geologiczne Państwowego Instytutu Geologicznego, Warszawa.
• 32. Jarmołowicz-Szulc, K., 2001a. Fluid inclusion studies on the quartz cements of the Middle Cambrian sandstones in the area of the Łeba Block in the Baltic Sea-diagenetic, isotopic and geochemical implications (in Polish with English summary). Biuletyn Państwowego Instytutu Geologicznego, 399: 1-90.
• 33. Jarmołowicz-Szulc, K., 2001b. Characteristic features of vein fillings in the southeastern part of the Polish Carpathians (calcite, quartz, bitumen) (in Polish with English summary). Przegląd Geologiczny, 49: 785-792.
• 34. Jarmołowicz-Szulc, K., 2009. Fluid inclusion analysis of pore space fillings in Rotliegend rocks in the selected regions of Polish Lowlands (in Polish with English summary). Przegląd Geologiczny, 57: 343-349.
• 35. Jarmołowicz-Szulc, K., 2015. Fluid inclusion analysis of minerals in sedimentary rocks - an overview and remarks (in Polish with English summary). Biuletyn Państwowego Instytutu Geologicznego, 464: 25-42.
• 36. Jarmołowicz-Szulc, K., 2016. Hydrocarbon inclusions in the cements of sedimentary rocks and vein minerals - characteristics and significance (in Polish with English summary) . Biuletyn Państwowego Instytutu Geologicznego, 466: 87-101.
• 37. Jarmołowicz-Szulc, K., 2017. Estimation of oil characteristics: results based on fluorescence phenomenon and fluid inclusion synthesis and analysis. International Journal of Current Advanced Research, 6: 2014-2021.
• 38. Jarmołowicz-Szulc, K., 2019. Some elements of petrologic research within the BMB field (in Polish with English summary). Przegląd Geologiczny, 67: 161-164.
• 39. Jarmołowicz-Szulc, K., 2021. Application of fluid inclusions to petroleum basin recognition: a case study from Poland. Minerals, 11.
• 40. Jarmołowicz-Szulc, K., Dudok, I.V., 2001. Vein minerals of Polish and Ukrainian Flysch Carpathians (in Polish with English summary). Przegląd Geologiczny, 49: 341-342.
• 41. Jarmołowicz-Szulc, K., Dudok, I.V., 2005. Migration of palaeofluids in the contact zone between the Dukla and Silesian units, Western Carpathians - evidence from fluid inclusions and stable isotopes in quartz and calcite. Geological Quarterly, 49 (3): 291-304.
• 42. Jarmołowicz-Szulc, K., Jasionowski, M., 2009. Fluid inclusion and isotopic characterization of diagenetic minerals in the SG-1 borehole, W Poland, Abstract. European Current Research on Fluid Inclusions ECROFI XX,21-27.09.2009, Granada, Spain.
• 43. Jarmołowicz-Szulc, K., Wołkowicz, K., 2018. Analiza inkluzji płynów w otworach Objezierze IG 1, Zakrzyń IG 1, Katarzynin 2, Kalisz IG 1 and Siedliska IG 1, Rówce 1, Łochów IG 1, Płońsk IG 2/2 i Darżlubie IG 1. Rozpoznanie stref perspektywicznych występowania węglowodorów niekonwencjonalnych, projekt PSG, etap II, raport końcowy (in Polish). Narodowe Archiwum Geologiczne PIG-PIB, Warszawa, 9051/2019.
• 44. Jarmołowicz-Szulc, K., Wołkowicz, K., 2019. New achievements in the mineral studies by use of the Raman microspectroscopy. Biuletyn Państwowego Instytutu Geologicznego, 474: 23-30.
• 45. Jarmołowicz-Szulc, K., Karwowski, Ł., Marynowski, L., 2012. Fluid circulation and formation of minerals and bitumens in the sedimentary rocks of the Outer Carpathians - based on studies on the quartz-calcite-organic matter association. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 32: 138-158.
• 46. Jarmołowicz-Szulc, K., Kozłowska, A., Kuberska, M., Matyasik, I., 2020. A petrological, mineralogical and geological study of the Main Dolomite in the Mo-1 borehole (in Polish with English summary). Przegląd Geologiczny, 68: 726, 780-793.
• 47. Jaworowski, K., 1997. Conditions of deposition of the Lower and Middle Cambrian sand bodies in the Polish part of the East-European (in Polish with English summary). Biuletyn Państwowego Instytutu Geologicznego, 377.
• 48. Jaworowski, K., Mikołajewski, Z., 2007. Oil- and gas-bearing sediments of the Main Dolomite (Ca2) in the Międzychód region: a depositional model and the problem of the boundary between the second and third depositional sequences in the Polish Zechstein Basin. Przegląd Geologiczny, 55: 1017-1024.
• 49. Jensenius, J., Burrus, R.C., 1990. Hydrocarbon-water interaction during brine migration: Evidence from hydrocarbon inclusions in calcite cements from Danish North Sea oil fields. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 54: 705-713.
• 50. Jensenius, J., Munkgaard, N.C., 1989. Large scale hot water migration systems around salt diapirs in the Danish Central Trough and their impact on diagenesis of chalk reservoir. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 53: 79-88.
• 51. Kalyuzhnyi, V.A., 1982. Principles of studies on mineral-forming fluids (in Russian). Naukova Dumka, Kiev.
• 52. Kalyuzhnyi, V.A., Sachno, B.E., 1998. Prospects for prognostics of the useful materials on the base of typomorphic features of the hydrocarbon and carbon dioxide fluid inclusions (in Russian). Geologia i Geokhimia Goryuchikh Kopalin, 3: 133-147.
• 53. Karnkowski, P., 1999. Oil and gas fields in the Carpathians and the Carpathian Foredeep. Oil and Gas deposits in Poland, 2: 245-253. “Geos” AGH, Kraków.
• 54. Kleinrahm, R., Wagner, W., 1986. Measurements and correlation of the equilibrium liquid and vapor pressure densities along the coexistence curve of methane. Journal of Chemistry, 18: 730-760.
• 55. Kovalevych, V.M., Peryt, T.M., Shanina S.N., Wieclaw, D., Lytvyniuk, S.F., 2008. Geochemical aureoles around oil and gas accumulations in the Zechstein (Upper Permian) of Poland: Analysis of fluid inclusions in halite and bitumens in rock salt. Journal of Petroleum Geology, 31: 245-262.
• 56. Kozłowska, A., 2004. Diagenesis of the Upper Carboniferous sandstones at the boundary between the Lublin Graben and the Warsaw Block (in Polish with English summary). Biuletyn Państwowego Instytutu Geologicznego, 411: 491-500.
• 57. Kozłowska, A., 2009. Diagenetic processes forming the pore space of the Carboniferous sandstones in the Lublin region (in Polish with English summary). Przegląd Geologiczny, 57: 335-342.
• 58. Kozłowska, A.J., Jarmołowicz-Szulc, K.L., 2009. Geochemical and mineralogical exploration of sandstones in the Lublin Carboniferous Basin, SE Poland. Proceedings of the 24th International Applied Geochemistry Symposium, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada, June 1-4, 2009, 1: 377-380.
• 59. Kuberska, M., 2004. Diagenesis of Rotliegend deposits in the Szczecinek-Bydgoszcz zone (Western Pomerania) (in Polish with English summary). Biuletyn Państwowego Instytutu Geologicznego, 411: 87-168.
• 60. Langford, F.F., Blanc-Valleron, M.M., 1990. Interpreting Rock-Eval pyrolisis data using graphs of pyrolisable hydrocarbons vs. total organic carbon. AAPG Bulletin, 74: 799-804.
• 61. Lüders, V., Reuther, C., Hath, P., Banks, D.A., Mingram (Plessen), B., Pettke,T., 2005. Fluid and gas migration in the N Germany Basin: fluid inclusions and stable isotope constraints. International Journal of Earth Sciences, 95: 990-1009.
• 62. Lüders, V., Plessen, B., Sippel, J., 2008. Fluid and gas migration in the western part of the Lower Saxony Basin (Germany). Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 72: 12. Supplement 1 A572.
• 63. Maliszewska, A., Kuberska, M., 1996. Cementation of Rotliegend sandstones and their porosity and permeability (in Polish with English summary). Nafta-Gaz, 9: 365-373.
• 64. Maliszewska, A., Kuberska, M., 2009. On the isotopic stud ies of the diagenetic illite from the Rotliegend sandstones from Wielkopolska and Western Pomerania (in Polish with English summary). Przegląd Geologiczny, 57: 322-327.
• 65. Maliszewska, A., Kuberska, M., Kiersnowski, H., Jarmołowicz- Szulc, K., Jackowicz, E., Langier-Kuźniarowa A., Borkowska B., 1997. Modele diagenezy osadów czerwonego spągowca w zachodniej części Niżu Polskiego (in Polish). Narodowe Archiwum Geologiczne PIG-PIB, 3/98, Warszawa.
• 66. Maliszewska, A., Kiersnowski, H., Kuberska, M., Sikorska, M., Jarmołowicz-Szulc, K., 2003. Skład ziarnowy eolicznych piaskowców czerwonego spągowca w Wielkopolsce i ich własności zbiornikowe (in Polish). Centralne Archiwum Geologiczne PIG-PIB, 2302/2003, Warszawa.
• 67. Marynowski, L., Zatoń, M., 2010. Organic matter from the Callovian (Middle Jurassic) deposits of Lithuania: compositions, sources and depositional environments. Applied Geochemistry, 25: 933-946.
• 68. Matyja, H., 2006. Stratigraphy and facies development of Devonian and Carboniferous deposits in the Pomeranian Basin and in the western part of the Baltic Basin and palaeogeography of the northern TESZ during late Palaeozoic (in Polish with English summary) Prace Państwowego Instytutu Geologicznego, 36: 79-122.
• 69. McLimans, R.K., 1987. The application of fluid inclusions to migration of oil and diagenesis in petroleum reservoirs. Applied Geochemistry, 2: 585-603.
• 70. McLimans, R.K., Videvitch, P.E., 1987. Reservoir diagenesis and oil migration, Middle Jurassic Great Oolite Limestone, Weldon basin, Southern England. In Petroleum Geology of North West Europe (eds. J. Brooks and K. Glennie): 419-429. Graham and Trodman.
• 71. Muchez, P., Marshall, J.D., Touret, J.L.R., Viaene, W.A., 1994. Origin and migration of paleofluids in the Upper Visean of the Campine Basin, northern Belgium. Sedimentology, 41: 133-145.
• 72. Munz, I.A., Yardtey, B.W.D., Banks, D.A., Wayne, D., 1995. Deep penetration of sedimentary fluids in basement rocks from Norway: Evidence from hydrocarbon and brine inclusions in quartz veins. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 59: 239-254.
• 73. Nandakumar, V., Jayanthi, J.L., 2016. Hydrocarbon fluid inclusions, API gravity of oil, signature fluorescence emissions and emission ratios: an example from Mumbai Offshore, India. Energy Fuels, 30: 3776-3782.
• 74. Narkiewicz, M., 2011. Lithostratigraphy, deposition systems and transgressive-regressive cycles of the Devonian in the Lublin Basin (in Polish with English summary). Prace Państwowego Instytutu Geologicznego, 196: 53-146.
• 75. Nawrocki, J., Becker, A., (eds.), 2020. Geological Atlas of Poland. Państwowy Instytut Geologiczny, Warszawa.
• 76. O'Neil, J.R., 1979. Stable isotope geochemistry of rocks and minerals. In: Lectures in Isotope Geology (eds. E. Jäger and J.C. Hunziker). 235-263. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
• 77. Peters, K.E., Walters, C.C., Moldowan, J.M., 2005. The Biomarker Guide, 2nd ed. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
• 78. Ping, H., Chen, H., George, S.C., 2020. Quantitatively predicting the thermal maturity of paleo-oil trapped in fluid inclusions based on fluorescent and molecular geochemical data of oil inclusions in the Dongying Depression, Bohai Bay Basin. AAPG Bulletin, 104: 1751-1791.
• 79. Ping, H., Chen, H., George, S.C., Li, C., Hu, S., 2019a. Relationship between the fluorescence colour of oil inclusions and thermal maturity in the Dongying Depression, Bohai Bay Basin, China: Part 1. Fluorescence evolution of oil in the context of hydrous pyrolysis experiments with increasing maturity. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 100: 1-19.
• 80. Ping, H., Chen, H., George, S.C., Li, C., Hu, S., 2019b. Relationship between the fluorescence color of oil inclusions and thermal maturity in the Dongying Depression, Bohai Bay Basin, China: Part 2. Fluorescence evolution of oil in the context of petroleum generation, expulsion and cracking under geological conditions. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 103: 306-319.
• 81. Pironon, J., Pradier, B., 1992. Ultraviolet-fluorescence alteration of hydrocarbon fluid inclusions. Organic Geochemistry, 18: 501-509.
• 82. Podhalańska, T., Adamczak-Biały, T., Becker, A., Dyrka, I., Feldman-Olszewska, A., Głuszyński, A., Grotek, I., Janas, M., Jarmołowicz-Szulc, K., Jachowicz, M., 2018. Rozpoznanie stref perspektywicznych złóż niekonwencjonalnych węglowodorów w Polsce (in Polish). Projekt PSG, etap II, raport końcowy, Narodowe Archiwum Geologiczne PIG-PIB, Warszawa, 9051/2019.
• 83. Pożaryski, W., 1968. Podział obszaru Polski na jednostki tektoniczne (in Polish). Budowa Geologiczna Polski, 4. Niż Polski: 24. Wydawnictwa Geologiczne.
• 84. Przyjalgowski, M.A., Ryder, A.G., Glynn, T.J., 2005. Analysis of hydrocarbon-bearing fluid inclusions (HCFI) using time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy. Proceedings of SPIE 5826, Opto-Ireland 2005: Optical Sensing and Spectroscopy, 173 (July 14, 2005).
• 85. Radke, M., Welte, D.H., 1983. The Methylphenanthrene Index (MPI). A maturity parameter based on aromatic hydrocarbons. In: Advances in Organic Geochemistry 1981 (eds. M. Bjoroy, R. Pelet, J. Rullkötter and G. Speers): 504-512. J. Wiley and Sons, New York.
• 86. Radke, M., Welte, D.H., Willsch, H., 1986. Maturity parameters based on aromatic hydrocarbons: influence of the organic matter type. Organic Geochemistry, 10: 51-63.
• 87. Reynolds, T.J., 1993.Temperature calibration standards by SYNFLINC. Fluid Inc., Denver.
• 88. Roedder, E., 1984. Fluid inclusions. Reviews in Mineralogy, 12. Samson, I., Anderson, A., Marshall, D. (eds.), 2003. Fluid inclusions. Mineralogical Association of Canada. Short Course, 32: 1-374.
• 89. Shepherd, T.J., Rankin, A.H., Alderton, D.H.M., 1985. A Practical Guide to Fluid Inclusion Studies. Blackie, New York.
• 90. Sheppard, S.M.F., 1986. Characterization and isotopic variation in natural waters Reviews in Mineralogy, 16: 165-184.
• 91. Sikorska, M., 2000. Provenance petrological study of the Upper Vendian and Cambrian clastic material; foreland of the Pomeranian Caledonides (northern Poland). Geological Quarterly, 44 (3): 237-247.
• 92. Smith, J.T., 1994. Petroleum system logic as an exploration tool in a frontier setting. AAPG Memoir, 60: 25-49.
• 93. Stasiuk, L.D., 2002. Fluorescence microscopy and microspectrometry of HCFI and crude oils within Paleozoic. Geological Survey of Canada Open File 4369.
• 94. Volk, H., George, S.C., 2019. Using petroleum inclusions to trace petroleum systems - a review. Organic Geochemistry, 129: 99-123.
• 95. Wagner, R., 1998. Paleogeography of Zechstein. In: Palaeogeographic atlas of epicontinental Permian and Mesozoic in Poland 1:2500 000 (eds. R. Dadlez, S. Marek and J. Pokorski). Państwowy Instytut Geologiczny, Warszawa.
• 96. Williams, L., Hervig, R.L., Dutton, S.P., 1997. Constraints on paleofluid compositions in the Travis Peak Formation, East Texas: evidence from microanalyses of oxygen isotopes in diagenetic quartz. SEPM Special Publications, 57: 269-280.