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Eter tert-butylowo-etylowy. Dokumentacja proponowanych dopuszczalnych wielkości narażenia zawodowego

Autorzy
Szymańska J. , Bruchajzer E.
Treść / Zawartość
Pełne teksty:
szymanska_jadwiga_2_2014.pdf
Identyfikatory
Warianty tytułu
EN
Ethyl tertiary-butyl ether. Documentation of suggested occupational exposure limits (OELs)
Języki publikacji
PL
Abstrakty
PL
Eter tert-butylowo-etylowy (ETBE, 2-etoksy-2-metylopropan, nr CAS: 637-92-3) jest bezbarwną, palną cieczą o charakterystycznym zapachu, otrzymywaną w reakcji izobutenu z etanolem. ETBE jest stosowany w ilości do 15% jako dodatek poprawiający właściwości utleniające i podwyższający liczbę oktanową benzyn. W Polsce ETBE produkują PKN ORLEN S.A. i Grupa LOTOS, łącznie ponad 170 000 t rocznie. Narażenie pracowników (najczęściej drogą inhalacyjną) występuje w czasie wytwarzania, mieszania ETBE z benzynami oraz jego transportu i dystrybucji. Nie ma danych na temat liczby osób narażonych na ETBE w Polsce oraz wielkości stężeń, na jakie są narażeni. ETBE łatwo wchłania się do organizmu drogą inhalacyjną. Jego eliminacja z krwi jest procesem 4-fazowym (dwie pierwsze fazy są bardzo szybkie, t1/2 = 2 i 18 min). ETBE jest szybko metabolizowany przez utlenianie przy udziale cytochromów P-450 do: alkoholu tert-butylowego (TBA), 2-metylo-1,2-propandiolu (MPD) i kwasu 2-hydroksymasłowego (HBA, występującego w postaci soli). W drugiej fazie metabolizmu TBA ulega sprzęganiu (głównie z kwasem glukuronowym). ETBE wydala się z powietrzem wydychanym w postaci niezmienionej (około 45 ÷ 50% dawki) lub jako TBA (około 3% dawki). Powstałe metabolity (stanowiące około 40 ÷ 70% dawki) są wydalane z moczem. Istnieje niewiele danych o działaniu ETBE na ludzi. U ochotników narażonych inhalacyjnie na ETBE o stężeniu 106 lub 212 mg/m³(25 lub 50 ppm) przez 2 h notowano podrażnienie błon śluzowych nosa i górnych dróg oddechowych, istotne statystycznie po narażeniu na ETBE o stężeniu 212 mg/m³ oraz niewielkie zmiany w parametrach określających funkcje płuc. Wartości DL50 po dożołądkowym podaniu ETBE szczurom przekraczały 2000 mg/kg mc. Związek wykazywał działanie drażniące na skórę i oczy u królików. Test maksymalizacji wykonany na świnkach morskich wykazał, że ETBE nie działa uczulająco. W doświadczeniach krótkoterminowych na zwierzętach, niezależnie od drogi narażenia (dożołądkową lub inhalacyjną), notowano zależny od wielkości dawki (600 ÷ 1800 mg/kg mc./dzień, przez 14 dni) lub stężenia (2090 ÷ 16 720 mg/m³, przez 4 tygodnie) wzrost względnej masy wątroby i nerek, ale bez zmian histopatologicznych w tych narządach. Do skutków inhalacyjnego podprzewlekłego narażenia szczurów na ETBE o stężeniach 2090 ÷ 20 900 mg/m³, które były zależne od wielkości stężenia związku, zaliczono: zmniejszenie przyrostu masy ciała oraz zwiększenie mas wątroby i nerek. W nerkach samców notowano zmiany histopatologiczne i zaburzenia w funkcjonowaniu nerek spowodowane gromadzeniem się α2-mikroglobuliny w komórkach kanalików proksymalnych. ETBE o stężeniach 7315 ÷ 20900 mg/m³ u szczurów powodował ponadto zwiększenie poziomu azotu mocznikowego (BUN) we krwi. Po 13-tygodniowym narażeniu szczurów na ETBE o stężeniach 2090 ÷ 20900 mg/m³ zanotowano objawy działania neurotoksycznego związku.Na podstawie wyników 2-letnich badań na zwierzętach, którym ETBE podawano z wodą do picia, za wartość LOAEL przyjęto stężenie związku w wodzie wynoszące 625 ppm (625 µg/l), po którym u szczurów stwierdzono uszkodzenie nerek. ETBE nie wykazywał ani działania genotoksycznego, ani rakotwórczego (w ACGIH zaliczono związek do grupy 4A), nie wpływał także na płodność i rozrodczość zwierząt laboratoryjnych oraz nie powodował działania embriotoksycznego i teratogennego. Podstawą do wyznaczenia wartości najwyższego dopuszczalnego stężenia (NDS) dla ETBE były wyniki badań wykonanych na ochotnikach, u których po narażeniu na ETBE o stężeniu 212 mg/m³(LOAEL) obserwowano: podrażnienie błon śluzowych oczu, nosa i górnych dróg oddechowych oraz niewielkie zaburzenia funkcji płuc. Po uwzględnieniu współczynników niepewności, zaproponowano: przyjęcie stężenia 100 mg/m³ za wartość NDS eteru tert-butylowo-etylowego, a stężenia 200 mg/m³ za wartość najwyższego dopuszczalnego stężenia chwilowego (NDSCh) związku, a także oznakowanie związku literą „I”, ze względu na jego działanie drażniące.
EN
Ethyl tertiary-butyl ether (ETBE, 2-ethoxy-2- -methylpropane, CAS: 637-92-3) is a colorless, flammable liquid with a characteristic odor, which is obtained in a reaction of isobutene with ethanol. ETBE is used in an amount up to 15% as an addi-tive, which improves the oxidizing properties and the octane number of gasoline. In Poland, PKN ORLEN SA and LOTOS Group produce ETBE (more than 170000 tonnes per year). Exposure of workers (usually by inhalation) occurs during manufacturing of ETBE, blending gasolines, and its transport and distribution. There are no data on the number of people exposed to ETBE in Poland and the concentrations, to which they are exposed. ETBE is readily absorbed into the body by inhalation. Its elimination from the blood is a four-phase process (the first two phases are very fast, t1/2= 2 and 18 min). ETBE is rapidly metabolized by oxidation involving cytochrome P-450 to ferf-buthyl alcohol (TBA), 2-methyl-l ,2-propanediol (MPD) and 2-hydro- xybutyric acid (HBA). In the second phase of metabolism, TBA is coupled, mainly with glucuronic acid. Unchanged ETBE is excreted in the expired air (about 45 - 50% of the dose) or as TBA (about 3% of the dose). The metabolites (representing approximately 40 to 70% of the dose) in the urine are excreted. There is little data on the effect of ETBE in humans. In volunteers exposed to ETBE by inhalation at the con-centration of 106 or 212 mg/ m3 (25 or 50 ppm), the mucous membrane of the nose and upper respiratory tract were irritated. After exposure to ETBE at the concentration of 212 mg/m3 irritation and slight changes in the parameters defining the functions of the lungs were recorded. After intragastric administration of ETBE to rats, LD50 values 2000 mg/kg of body weight were exceeded. The compound was irritant to the skin and eyes of rabbits. No allergic effect was noted (maximization test on guinea pigs). In short-term experiments on animals, regardless of the route of exposure (inhalation or intragastric), dose-related (600 - 1800 mg/kg/day for 14 days) or concentration (2090 - 16720 mg/ m3 for 4 weeks) increases in the relative weight of the liver and kidneys, but without histopathological changes in these organs were reported. After subchronic inhalation of rats to ETBE at the concentrations 2090 - 20900 mg/m3, reduced body weight gain and an increase in the mass of the liver and kidneys w-ere observed. In the kidneys of males, histopathological changes and disorders in the functioning of the kidneys caused by the accumulation of aj-microglobulin in proximal tubular cells were reported. ETBE at the concentrations 7315 - 20900 mg/m3 caused an increase in urea nitrogen (BUN) in the blood of rats. After 13- -week exposure of rats to ETBE at the concentrations 2090 - 20900 mg/m3, effects of neurotoxicity were noted. On the basis of a two-year study, in which ETBE was administered to animals in drinking water, the LOAEL value (kidney damage in rats) was 625 ppm (625 pg/I of w'ater). No genotoxic nor carcinogenic effects wrere noted. ACGIH classifies ETBE as group 4A. ETBE did not affect the fertility and reproductive in laboratory animals, and did not cause embryotoxicity and teratogenicity. The value of the maximum admissible concentration (MAC) for ETBE was based on the results of tests carried out on volunteers. After exposure to ETBE at the concentration of 212 mg/m3 (LOAEL), the irritation of the mucous membranes of the eyes, nose and upper respiratory tract and a slight dysfunction of the lungs were observed. The Expert Group for Chemicals Agents suggest a MAC-TWA value of 100 mg/m3. Due to the irritant potential of ETBE, a MAC-STEL value of 200 mg/m3 (2 x MAC-TWA) has been proposed. It has been also proposed to label the substance with "I" (irritant).
Słowa kluczowe
PL
EN
Wydawca
Centralny Instytut Ochrony Pracy - Państwowy Instytut Badawczy
Czasopismo
Podstawy i Metody Oceny Środowiska Pracy
Rocznik
2014
Tom
Nr 2 (80)
Strony
73--110
Opis fizyczny
Bibliogr. 78 poz., rys., tab.
Twórcy
autor
Szymańska J.
jadwiga.szymanska@umed.lodz.pl
  • Uniwersytet Medyczny w Łodzi ul. J. Muszyńskiego 1 90-151 Łódź
autor
Bruchajzer E.
elzbieta.bruchaizer@umed.lodz.pl
  • Uniwersytet Medyczny w Łodzi ul. J. Muszyńskiego 1 90-151 Łódź
Bibliografia
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Bibliografia
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bwmeta1.element.baztech-7b4ccd27-86db-4896-a771-033197fd0801
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