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Abstrakty
This paper presents the way in which temperature is measured in tests concerning structural transformations in various types of steel under welding conditions. In the test methodology, a small-sized steel specimen was subjected to simulated welding thermal cycles, during which the temperature of the specimen, changes in magnetic permeability and thermal expansion were measured simultaneously. The measurements of those parameters required the non-contact heating of the specimen, which involved the use of heating lamps. The temperature measurement was of key importance because the subsequent analysis of the remaining parameters was performed in the function of temperature. The tests of structural transformations resulted in the development of Continuous Cooling Transformation under welding conditions (CCT) diagrams, enabling the determination of steel weldability and constituting the source of information needed to determine the effect of welding thermal cycles on the structure and properties of the material subjected to the tests. Related numerical models to be used as the basis for the analysis of temperature distribution in the test specimen have been developed. These tests involved the analysis of the values and the distribution of temperature in relation to various model parameters, i.e. thermocouple types, geometrical features of a thermocouple junction and the diameter of thermocouple wires. The results of FEM calculations have been compared to the experiments.
Słowa kluczowe
Wydawca
Czasopismo
Rocznik
Tom
Strony
1405--1415
Opis fizyczny
Bibliogr. 24 poz., fot., rys., tab., wzory
Twórcy
autor
- Łukasiewicz Research Network – Institute of Welding, Department for Resistance Welding, Adhesive Bonding, Environmental Protection, Bl. Czeslawa 16-18, 44-100, Gliwice, Poland
autor
- Silesian University of Technology, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Krzywoustego 2, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
autor
- Silesian University of Technology, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Krzywoustego 2, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
Bibliografia
- [1] M. Łomozik, New methodology of testing phase transformations in structural steels in welding thermal conditions, Metallic Materials - Kovove Materialy 50, 2, 97-105 (2012).
- [2] Yoshinori Ito, Kiyoshi Bessyo, Weldability formula of high strength steels related to heat affected zone cracking, IIW Document No. IX-576-68 (1968).
- [3] Robert W. Messler, Principle of welding. Process, Physics, Cemistry and metallurgy (New York, John Wiley and Sons Inc., 1999), 577-590.
- [4] M. St. Węglowski, M. Zeman, Prevention of cold cracking in ultra-high strength steel Weldox 1300. Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering 14, 3, 417-424 (2014).
- [5] M. St. Węglowski, M. Zeman, M. Łomozik, Physical Simulation of Weldability of Weldox 1300 Steel. Materials Science Forum 762, 551-555. (2013).
- [6] M. St. Węglowski, M. Zeman, A. Grocholewski, Effect of welding thermal cycles on microstructure and mechanical properties of simulated heat affected zone for a Weldox 1300 ultra-high strength alloy steel. Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 61, 1, 127-132 (2016).
- [7] R. Branco, High-strength steels: new trends in production and applications. High strength quenched and tempered steels – weldability and welding. Nova Science Publishers. Hauppauge, Nowy Jork, USA, 2018.
- [8] K. Perzynski, Ł. Madej, A. Szajding, K. Raga, K. Kubiak, A. Niechajowicz, K. Jaskiewicz, Z. Gronostajski, M. Pietrzyk, Numerical Evaluation of Gear Ring Behavior During Various Cooling Conditions, Journal of Machine Engineering 16, 2, 18-26 (2016).
- [9] F. G. Caballero, M. J. Santofimia, C. Garcia-Mateo and C. Garcia de Andres, Time-Temperature-Transformation Diagram within the Bainitic Temperature Range in a Medium Carbon Steel, the Japan Institute of Metals, Materials Trans. 45, 12, 3272-3281 (2004)
- [10] W. Bendick, J. Gabriel, B. Hahn, B. Vandenberghe, International Journal of Pressure Vessels and Piping 84, 13-20 (2007).
- [11] H. Bhadeshia Lecture 10: Overall Transformation Kinetics II. Course MP6, Kinetics and Microstructure Modelling. Materials Science & Metallurgy Master of Philosophy, Materials Modelling. Cambridge University 2003.
- [12] M. Kasprzak, W. Kasprzak, W. Kierkus, J. Sokolowski, Applications of High Frequency Induction Heating for the Metallurgical Simulation and Thermal Analysis of Industrial Light Metals Casting Processes, Proc. of 2002 TMS Annual Meeting, The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society, 2002 Seattle, Washington, USA, Feb. 17-21, 2002, pp. 619-630.
- [13] A. Gesing, J. Sokolowski, P. Marchwica, C. Blawert, J. Jekl, M. Kozdras, M. Kasprzak, J. Wood, Cooling curve and micro-chemical phase analysis of rapidly quenched magnesium AM60B and AE44 alloys, Proc. of Achievements in Mechanical and Materials Engineering, AMME’2013, Gliwice-Kraków, 2013, pp. 75-76.
- [14] J. C. Lippold, Welding Metallurgy and Weldability, 2015, John Wiley & Sons.
- [15] G. M. Boyd, Brittle Fracture in Steel Structures, London Butterworths for Navy Department Advisory Committee on Structural Steel, Elsiver 2016.
- [16] R. Thomas, G. Morgan, 1992, Measurement of Magnetic Permeability and HC of Magnet Steels using Digital Techniques. Brookhaven National Laboratory Upton, New York.
- [17] Z. Mikno, M. Łomozik, M. Zeman, A. Pilarczyk, A manner and bench to determinate characteristic points of structural transformations in steels in thermal welding cycles, Polish Patent no Pat. 218257.
- [18] M. Łomozik, A. Pilarczyk, TPF 3.0 to create diagrams of austenite phase transformations in steels under welding conditions (CCT), Przegląd Spawalnictwa 3, 23-27 (2012).
- [19] Z. Mikno, M. Stępień, B. Grzesik, Test bench to prepare thermocouple junction to temperature measurements in small size elements, Polish Patent no Pat. 215566.
- [20] J. Słania, Z. Mikno, M. Wójcik, Selected problems of temperature measurement in welding processes, Advances in Manufacturing Science and Technology 3, 83-93. (2007).
- [21] L. Michalski, K. Eckersdorf, Temperature measurement (in Polish), WNT Warszawa 1986.
- [22] L. Kortvelyessy, Termoelement Praxis Vulkan-Verlag-Essen 1987.
- [23] Z. Mikno, Project report KBN nr 4T08C 006 24, Gliwice 2004 (unpublished).
- [24] Z. Mikno, B. Grzesik, M. Stępień, Project report NCN N505 002 31/0255, Gliwice 2009 (unpublished).
Uwagi
EN
This work was supported by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education (MNiSW) under project no. N505 002 31/0255.
Typ dokumentu
Bibliografia
Identyfikator YADDA
bwmeta1.element.baztech-7b3d0f42-ebf3-4aa5-b90c-5c1d31ed04cb