Dozymetria 3D w radioterapii. Rys historyczny, typy dozymetrów, charakterystyka i aplikacje

Kozicki, Marek; Maras, Piotr

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Dozymetria 3D w radioterapii. Rys historyczny, typy dozymetrów, charakterystyka i aplikacje

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Kozicki Marek , Maras Piotr

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Warianty tytułu

3D dosimetry in radiotherapy. Historical outline, types of dosimeters, characteristics and applications

Języki publikacji

Abstrakty

Niniejszy artykuł dotyczy dozymetrii 3D w radioterapii. Zawiera rys historyczny, opis pierwszych prac w Polsce, charakterystykę głównych typów dozymetrów 3D, a także przykłady ich zastosowań. Dozymetria 3D obejmuje: dozymetr 3D często w odpowiednim pojemniku, wybrany system skanowania 3D, protokół kalibracji i aplikacji dozymetru, protokół skanowania 3D oraz pakiet oprogramowania do szybkiego i łatwego przetwarzania danych dozymetrycznych w 3D. Niektóre elementy takiego systemu dozymetrii są dostępne w ośrodkach radioterapii, inne dostarczają producenci. Typowy dozymetr 3D to matryca ze związkami wrażliwymi na promieniowanie jonizujące, które ulegają konwersji pod wpływem tego promieniowania. Zmianę w dozymetrze można zmierzyć za pomocą następujących technik obrazowania: rezonans magnetyczny (RM), RM w radioterapii pod kontrolą RM (MRgRT), tomografia komputerowa (TK), tomografia wiązki stożkowej (CBCT), optyczna tomografia komputerowa (optyczna TK lub OTK), ultrasonografia (USG) oraz tomografia fluorescencyjna (TF). Istnieje kilka rodzajów dozymetrów 3D, takich jak dozymetry żelowe Fricke, polimerowe dozymetry żelowe, żele radiochromowe i radiochromowe tworzywa sztuczne, dozymetry odkształcalne, dozymetry o gęstości zbliżonej do tkanki płucnej, dozymetry wielofazowe, które imitują różne tkanki w jednym pojemniku, takie jak płuca i mięśnie. Każdy typ dozymetru może być mierzony w 3D przy użyciu jednej lub kilku technik obrazowania. Wynik obrazowania jest przetwarzany przy użyciu kodów Matlab napisanych dla danego eksperymentu – aplikacji lub za pomocą komercyjnych pakietów oprogramowania, takich jak polyGe- Vero® i polyGeVero®-CT. Przetwarzanie danych uzyskanych po skanowaniu jest specyficzne dla konkretnego typu dozymetru. Dozymetry 3D charakteryzują się określoną dawką progową, quasi-liniową i dynamiczną odpowiedzią na dawkę, dawką saturacyjną, rozdzielczością dawki, podobieństwem tkankowym, powtarzalnością, zależnością odpowiedzi dozymetru na napromienienie od rodzaju promieniowania o określonej energii i mocy dawki oraz pod względem integralności rozkładu dawki w czasie. Dozymetry 3D wykorzystywane są zarówno do testowania urządzeń radioterapeutycznych, jak i klinicznie do weryfikacji rozkładów dawek obliczonych za pomocą systemów planowania leczenia (SPL) w licznych technikach napromieniania pacjentów, z wykorzystaniem wiązek zewnętrznych w technikach 3D i 4D: terapia z modulacją intensywności (IMRT), dynamiczna terapia łukowa (VMAT) oraz stereotaksja (SRS i SRT) za pomocą noża gamma (gamma knife) lub CyberKnife czy w radioterapii sterowanej obrazowaniem (IGRT) z użyciem CBCT lub RM, protonoterapii, a także za pomocą źródeł wprowadzanych do tkanek pacjenta w brachyterapii. W pracy wskazano również aktualne trendy rozwojowe w dozymetrii 3D.

This work concerns 3D radiotherapy dosimetry. It includes a historical outline, starting from the first works and further development of dosimetry in the world, the first works in Poland, main types of 3D dosimeters, main features of the dosimeters and their applications. The 3D dosimetry system includes: a 3D dosimeter in customised container, a selected 3D scanning system, a dosimeter calibration and application protocol, a 3D scanning protocol and a software package for quick and easy 3D data processing. Some elements of such a 3D dosimetry system are available in hospitals, others are provided by manufacturers. A typical 3D dosimeter is a matrix with radiation active compounds that convert under the influence of ionizing radiation. This change can be measured by the following scanning techniques: standalone magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), MRI in MR-guided radiotherapy (MRgRT), computed tomography (CT), cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT), optical computed tomography (optical CT or OCT), ultrasonography (USG) and fluorescence tomography (FT). There are several types of 3D dosimeters, such as Fricke-based gel dosimeters, polymer gel dosimeters, radiochromic gels and plastics, lungs-mimicking dosimeters, combined dosimeters mimicking different tissues in one vial, such as both lungs and muscles. Each type of the dosimeters can be measured in 3D using one or more 3D scanning techniques. The scan outcome is processed using in-house Matlab codes or commercial software packages such as polyGe- Vero® or polyGeVero®-CT. The processing of data obtained after scanning is specific for a particular type of dosimeter. 3D dosimeters are mainly characterized by threshold dose, quasi-linear and dynamic dose response, saturation dose, dose resolution, tissue equivalence, reproducibility, dependence on the type of radiation, radiation energy and dose rate, and in-time integrity of the dose distribution in 3D. 3D dosimeters have been used both in terms of tests of radiotherapy devices and to verify dose distributions calculated by treatment planning systems (TPS) in numerous patient irradiation techniques using external beams in 3D and 4D techniques: intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT), volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT), stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) and stereotactic radiation therapy (SRT) with a gamma knife or CyberKnife, image-guided radiotherapy (IGRT) using CBCT or MRI, proton therapy as well as with sources introduced into the patient’s tissues in brachytherapy. Current trends in 3D dosimetry are also outlined.

Słowa kluczowe

dozymetria 3D dozymetr polimerowy dozymetr radiochromowy radioterapia weryfikacja systemu planowania leczenia promieniowanie jonizujące testy aparatów radioterapeutycznych

3D radiotherapy dosimetry polymer dosimeter radiochromic dosimeter radiotherapy TPS verification ionizing radiation tests of radiotherapy devices

Wydawca

Indygo Zahir Media

Czasopismo

Inżynier i Fizyk Medyczny

Rocznik

2023

Tom

Vol. 12, nr 1

Strony

27--42

Opis fizyczny

Bibliogr. 116 poz., rys., tab., wykr.

Twórcy

autor

Kozicki Marek

marek.kozicki@p.lodz.pl

Katedra Inżynierii Mechanicznej, Informatyki Technicznej i Chemii Materiałów Polimerowych, Wydział Technologii Materiałowych i Wzornictwa Tekstyliów, Politechnika Łódzka, ul. Żeromskiego 116, 90-543 Łódź
GeVero Co., Łódź, Polska (http://polygevero.com)

autor

Maras Piotr

Zakład Planowania Radioterapii, Wojewódzkie Wielospecjalistyczne Centrum Onkologii i Traumatologii im. M. Kopernika w Łodzi, Pabianicka 62, 90-543 Łódź, Polska

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91. A. Skorupa, A. Woznica, M. Ciszek, M. Staniszewski, M. Kijonka, M. Kozicki, B. Wozniak, A. Orlef, A. Polanski, Ł. Boguszewicz, M. Sokoł: Application of high field magnetic resonance microimaging in polymer gel dosimetry, Med Phys, 47(8), 2020, 3600–3613.
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