Acid Modification and Characterization of Rice Straw Biochar and its Potential as Ameliorant for Saline-Sodic Lowland Soil

• Autorzy: Cera June Spencer A. , Labios Jocelyn D. , Buladaco Marcial S. II , Dizon Josena T.

Identyfikatory

DOI

10.12911/22998993/189946

• Języki publikacji: EN

Abstrakty

EN

The study aimed to characterize the physicochemical properties of acidified biochar derived from rice straw. The characterization provides useful information on the potential use of rice straw biochar to attain optimal outcomes for environmental or agricultural applications. In this study, rice straw biochar was acidified using 0.1 N HCl three times, followed by washing with deionized water twice, air-dried for seven days, and oven-dried at 80°C for 8 hours. The characterization showed that the physicochemical properties generally reduced after acid modification. The FESEMEDS revealed no apparent changes in surface morphology, while elements C, Si, O, N, P, K, Mg, S, Na, Cl, and Al were all determined in acidified biochar. The BET showed that acid modification and pulverization caused a decrease in surface area, pore volume, and pore radius. In ATR-FTIR, additional peaks of carbonyl (C=O Stretch) and alkane (C-H Bend) were identified. Furthermore, XRD showed that acidified biochar confirmed the amorphous structure of the material. In the initial assessment, the addition improved the physicochemical properties of saline-sodic soil by decreasing the pH, ESP, and SAR while increasing WSA, CEC and Mg. Given the results, the reduction and improvement in the properties of acidified biochar demonstrate its potential as soil ameliorant for saline-sodic soil.

Słowa kluczowe

EN

acid modification; rice straw; biochar; amelioration; saline-sodic soil

• Wydawca: Polskie Towarzystwo Inżynierii Ekologicznej ; Lublin University of Technology
• Czasopismo: Journal of Ecological Engineering
• Rocznik: 2024
• Tom: Vol. 25, nr 8
• Strony: 300--316
• Opis fizyczny: Bibliogr. 81 poz., rys., tab.

Twórcy

autor

Cera June Spencer A.

• Division of Soil Science, Agricultural Systems Institute, College of Agriculture and Food Science, University of the Philippines Los Baños, Philippines

• https://orcid.org/0009-0000-0242-8033

autor

Labios Jocelyn D.

• Division of Soil Science, Agricultural Systems Institute, College of Agriculture and Food Science, University of the Philippines Los Baños, Philippines

autor

Buladaco Marcial S. II

• Division of Soil Science, Agricultural Systems Institute, College of Agriculture and Food Science, University of the Philippines Los Baños, Philippines

• https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2386-9924

autor

Dizon Josena T.

• College of Public A airs and Development, University of the Philippines Los Baños, Philippines

• https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5934-6212

Bibliografia

• 1. Abdel-Fattah, M.K., Fouda, S., Schmidhalter, U. 2015. Effects of gypsum particle size on reclaiming saline-sodic soils in Egypt. Communication in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 46(9), 1112–1122. https://doi.org/10.1080/00103624.2015.1018528
• 2. Ahmed, N., Basit, A., Bashir, S., Bibi, I., Haider, Z., Muhammad Arif Ali, Aslam, Z., Muhammad Aon, Alotaibi, S.S., El-Shehawi, A.M., Tayyaba Samreen, Li, Y. 2021. Effect of acidified biochar on soil phosphorus availability and fertilizer use efficiency of maize (Zea mays L.). Journal of King Saud University-Science, 33(8), 101635–101635. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksus.2021.101635
• 3. Angin, D., Şensöz, S. 2014. Effect of pyrolysis temperature on chemical and surface properties of biochar of rapeseed (Brassica napus L.). International Journal of Phytoremediation, 16(7–8), 684–693. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15226514.2013.856842
• 4. Amin, A.E.-E.A.Z., Eissa, M.A. 2017. Biochar effects on nitrogen and phosphorus use efficiencies of zucchini plants grown in a calcareous sandy soil. Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 17(4), 912–921. https://doi.org/10.4067/s0718-95162017000400006
• 5. Bayoumy, M.A., Khalifa, T.H.H., Aboelsoud, H.M. 2019. Impact of some organic and inorganic amendments on some soil properties and wheat production under saline-sodic soil. Journal of Soil Sciences and Agricultural Engineering, 10(5), 307–313. https://doi.org/10.21608/JSSAE.2019.43221
• 6. Behazin, E., Ogunsona, E., Rodriguez-Uribe, A., Mohanty, A.K., Misra, M., Anyia, A.O. 2016. Mechanical, chemical, and physical properties of wood and perennial grass biochars for possible composite application. BioResources, 11(1), 1334–1348.
• 7. Bello, S.K., Alayafi, A.H., AL-Solaimani, S.G., Abo-Elyousr, K.A.M. 2021. Mitigating Soil Salinity Stress with Gypsum and Bio-Organic Amendments: A Review. Agronomy, 11, 1735. https://doi.org/ 10.3390/agronomy11091735
• 8. Biswas, B., Singh, R., Kumar, J., Singh, R., Gupta, P., Krishna, B.B., Bhaskar, T. 2018. Pyrolysis behavior of rice straw under carbon dioxide for production of bio-oil. Renewable Energy, 129, 686–694. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2017.04.048
• 9. Biswas, B., Balla, P., Krishna, B.B., Adhikari, S., and Bhaskar, T. 2022. Physiochemical characteristics of bio-char derived from pyrolysis of rice straw under different temperatures. Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-022-03261-y
• 10. Blanco‐Canqui, H. 2019. Biochar and water quality. Journal of Environmental Quality, 48(1), 2–15.
• 11. Blenis, N., Hue, N., Maaz, T.M., Kantar, M. 2023. Biochar Production, Modification, and Its Uses in Soil Remediation: A Review. Sustainability, 15(4), 3442.
• 12. Boguta, P., Sokołowska, Z., Skic, K., and Tomczyk, A. 2019. Chemically engineered biochar – Effect of concentration and type of modifier on sorption and structural properties of biochar from wood waste. Fuel, 256, 115893. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2019.115893
• 13. Bureau of Soils and Water Management (BSWM). 2024. National Mapping, Characterization and Development of Spatial Database for the Coastal Areas Affected by Salinity. https://www.bswm.da.gov.ph/program/salinity/
• 14. Chaganti, V.N., Crohn, D.M., Šimůnek, J. 2015. Leaching and reclamation of a biochar and compost amended saline–sodic soil with moderate SAR reclaimed water. Agricultural Water Management, 158, 255–265. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2015.05.016
• 15. Choudhary, O.P., Kharche, V.K. 2018. Soil salinity and sodicity. Soil science: an introduction, 12, 353–384.
• 16. Deng, Y., Huang, S., Laird, D.A., Wang, X., Dong, C. 2018. Quantitative mechanisms of cadmium adsorption on rice straw- and swine manure-derived biochars. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 25, 32418–32432. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-2991-1
• 17. Duan, M., Liu, G., Zhou, B., Chen, X., Wang, Q., Zhu, H., Li, Z. 2021. Effects of modified biochar on water and salt distribution and water-stable macro-aggregates in saline alkaline soil. Journal of Soils and Sediments, 21(6), 2192–2202. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368021-02913-2
• 18. El-Sharkawy, M., El-Naggar, A.H., Al-Huqail, A.A., Ghoneim, A.M. 2022. Acid-modified biochar impacts on soil properties and biochemical characteristics of crops grown in saline-sodic soils. Sustainability, 14, 8190. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14138190
• 19. Hafeez, A., Pan, T., Tian, J., Cai, K. 2022. Modif ied Biochars and Their Effects on Soil Quality: A Review. Environments 2022(9), 60. https:// doi.org/10.3390/environments9050060
• 20. Haitao, Z., Shuwen, H., Tianpeng, L., Xu, Y., Zongyu, L., Shengyang, Z., and Peijuan, W. 2017. Effects of preparation conditions and environmental conditions on rice-straw-biochar adsorption of urea. Asia-Pacific Engineering and Technology Conference.
• 21. Hasanpour, I., Shirvani, M., Hajabbasi, M.A., Majidi, M. M. 2022. Effect of acidic biochars on some chemical properties and nutrient availabilities of calcareous soils. JWSS-Isfahan University of Technology, 26(2), 39–59.
• 22. He, K., He, G., Wang, C., Zhang, H., Xu, Y., Wang, S., Kong, Y., Zhou, G., and Hu, R. 2020. Biochar amendment ameliorates soil properties and promotes Miscanthus growth in a coastal saline-alkali soil.Applied Soil Ecology, 155, 103674. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2020.103674
• 23. He, X., Hong, Z.N., Shi, R.Y., Cui, J.Q., Lai, H.W., Lu, H.L., and Xu, R.K. 2022. The effects of H2O2-and HNO3/H2SO4-modified biochars on the resistance of acid paddy soil to acidification. Environmental Pollution, 293, 118588. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118588
• 24. Hu, Y., Li, P.Y., Yang, Y.P., Ling, M., and Li, X.F. 2022. Preparation and Characterization of Biochar from Four Types of Waste Biomass under Matched Conditions. BioResources, 17, 4.
• 25. Huang, C. 2021. Effects of common biochar and acid-modified biochar on soil water and salt distribution and spinach growth in a tidal flat area. https://doi.org/10.27441/d.cnki.gyzdu.2021.001194
• 26. Igalavithana, A.D., Mandal, S., Niazi, N.K., Vithanage, M., Parikh, S.J., Mukome, F.N., Rizwan, M., Oleszczuk, P., Al-Wabel, M., Bolan, N., Tsang, D.C.W., Kim. K.H., and Ok, Y.S. 2017. Advances and future directions of biochar characterization methods and applications. Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 47(23), 2275–2330.
• 27. Jiang, B., Lin, Y., and Mbog, J.C. 2018. Biochar derived from swine manure digestate and applied on the removals of heavy metals and antibiotics. Bioresource Technology. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2018.08.022
• 28. Khan, M.Z., Azom, M.G., Sultan, M.T., Mandal, S., Islam, M.A., Khatun, R., Billah, S.M. and Ali, A.H.M.Z. 2019. Amelioration of saline soil by the application of gypsum, calcium chloride, rice husk and cow dung. Journal of Agricultural Chemistry and Environment, 8, 78–91. https://doi.org/10.4236/jacen.2019.82007
• 29. Komnitsas, K.A., and Zaharaki, D. 2016. Morphology of modified biochar and its potential for phenol removal from aqueous solutions. Frontiers in Environmental Science, 4, 26.
• 30. Kusa, K., Moriizumi, M., Hobara, S., Kaneko, M., Matsumoto, S., Kasuga, J., and Ae, N. 2021. Mineral weathering and silicon uptake by rice plants promote carbon storage in paddy fields. Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 67(2), 162–170.
• 31. Li, S., Harris, S., Anandhi, A., and Chen, G. 2019. Predicting biochar properties and functions based on feedstock and pyrolysis temperature: A review and data syntheses. Journal of Cleaner Production, 215, 809–902. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.01.106
• 32. Limwikran, T., Kheoruenromne, I., Suddhiprakarn, A., Prakongkep, N., and Gilkes, R.J. 2018. Dissolution of K, Ca, and P from biochar grains in tropical soils. Geoderma, 312, 139–150.
• 33. Meri, N.H., Alias, A.B., Talib, N., Rashid, Z.A., Wan, W.A., and Ghani, A.K. 2018. Effect of chemical washing pre-treatment of empty fruit bunch (EFB) biochar on characterization of hydrogel biochar composite as bioadsorbent. InIOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 358 (1), 12–18.
• 34. Munir, M.A.M., Liu, G., Yousaf, B., Ali, M.U., Abbas, Q., and Ullah, H. 2020. Synergistic effects of biochar and processed fly ash on bioavailability, transformation and accumulation of heavy metals by maize (Zea mays L.) in coal-mining contaminated soil. Chemosphere, 240, 124845. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124845
• 35. Nachshon, U. 2018. Cropland soil salinization and associated hydrology: Trends, processes and examples. Water, 10(8), 1030.
• 36. Nanda, S., Dalai, A.K., Berruti, F., and Kozinski, J.A. 2015. Biochar as an Exceptional Bioresource for Energy, Agronomy, Carbon Sequestration, Activated Carbon and Specialty Materials. Waste and Biomass Valorization, 7(2), 201–235. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-015-9459-z
• 37. Naungayan, D.L., Sorsano, J.M., and Farin, E.N. 2021. Effect of soil organic ameliorant s with carbonized rice hull on the growth and yield of shallot onion (Alliu m ascalonicum L.) on salt affected soil. Asian J Agric Res, 8(3), 19–28. https://doi.org/10.9734/AJAHR/2021/v8i330117
• 38. Ngo, T.N.L.T., and Chiang, K.Y. 2021. Co-thermal degradation characteristics of rice straw and sewage sludge. Sustainable Environment Research, 31(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s42834-021-00096-6
• 39. Noori, Z., Delavar, M.A., Safari, Y., and Alavi-Siney, S.M. 2021. Reclamation of a calcareous sodic soil with combined amendments: interactive effects of chemical and organic materials on soil chemical properties. Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 14, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-021-06485-w
• 40. Panwar, N.L., and Pawar, A. 2020. Influence of activation conditions on the physicochemical properties of activated biochar: a review. Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery, 12, 925–947. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-020-00870-3
• 41. Pariyar, P., Kumari, K., Jain, M.K., and Jadhao, P.S. 2020. Evaluation of change in biochar properties derived from different feedstock and pyrolysis temperature for environmental and agricultural application. Science of the Total Environment, 713, 136433.
• 42. Philippine Rice Research Institute (PhilRice). 2023. Area harvested. https://www.philrice.gov.ph/ricelytics/harvestareas
• 43. Prakongkep, N., Gilkes, R., Wisawapipat, W., Leksungnoen, P., Kerdchana, C., Inboonchuay, T., Delbos, E., Strachan, L.J., Ariyasakul, P., Ketdan, C., and Hammecker, C. 2020. Effects of biochar on properties of tropical sandy soils under organic agriculture. Journal of Agricultural Science, 13(1), 1–17.
• 44. Qian, L., and Chen, B. 2013. Dual role of biochars as adsorbents for aluminum: the effects of oxygen-containing organic components and the scattering of silicate particles. Environmental Science and Technology, 47(15), 8759–8768.
• 45. Qian, L., Chen, B., and Chen, M. 2016. Novel alleviation mechanisms of aluminum phytotoxicity via released biosilicon from rice straw-derived biochars. Scientific Reports, 6(1), 1–11.
• 46. Rao, G. B., and Susmitha, P. 2017. Silicon uptake, transportation and accumulation in Rice. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry,6(6), 290–293.
• 47. Rout, T., Pradhan, D., Singh, R.K., and Kumari, N. 2016. Exhaustive study of products obtained from coconut shell pyrolysis. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 4(3), 3696–3705. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2016.02.024
• 48. Roy, S., Kumar, U. and Bhattacharyya, P. 2019. Synthesis and characterization of exfoliated biochar from four agricultural feedstock. Environmental and Pollution Research, 26, 7272–7276. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-04117-7
• 49. Sadegh‐Zadeh, F., Parichehreh, M., Jalili, B., and Bahmanyar, M. A. 2018. Rehabilitation of calcareous saline‐sodic soil by means of biochars and acidified biochars. Land Degradation and Development, 29(10), 3262–3271.
• 50. Sahin, O., Taskin, M.B., Kaya, E.C., Atakol, O.R.H.A.N., Emir, E., Inal, A., and Gunes, A.Y. D.I.N. 2017. Effect of acid modification of biochar on nutrient availability and maize growth in a calcareous soil. Soil Use and Management, 33(3), 447–456. https://doi.org/10.1111/sum.12360
• 51. Sakhiya, A.K., Anand, A., and Kaushal, P. 2020. Production, activation, and applications of biochar in recent times. Biochar, 2, 253–285. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42773-020-00047-1
• 52. Shaaban, A., Se, S.M., Mitan, N.M.M., and Dimin, M.F. 2013. Characterization of biochar derived from rubber wood sawdust through slow pyrolysis on surface porosities and functional groups. Procedia Engineering, 68, 365–371.
• 53. Sheng, J., Ji, D., Yu, F., Cui, L., Zeng, Q., Ai, N., and Ji, J. 2014. Influence of chemical treatment on rice straw pyrolysis by TG-FTIR. Ieri Procedia, 8, 30–34.
• 54. Shrivastava, M., Kumar, S., Yadav, S., Manasvini., Lal, K. 2019. Deficiency and toxicity of trace elements in salt-affected soil. journal of soil salinity and water quality. Indian Society of Soil Salinity and Water Quality, 11(1), 31–44.
• 55. Soothar, M.K., Mounkaila Hamani, A.K., Kumar Sootahar, M., Sun, J., Yang, G., Bhatti, S. M., and Traore, A. 2021. Assessment of acidic biochar on the growth, physiology and nutrients uptake of maize (Zea mays L.) seedlings under salinity stress. Sustainability, 13(6), 3150. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13063150
• 56. Suliman, W., Harsh, J.B., Abu-Lail, N.I., Fortuna, A.M., Dallmeyer, I., and Garcia-Pérez, M. 2017. The role of biochar porosity and surface functionality in augmenting hydrologic properties of a sandy soil.Science of the Total Environment,574, 139–147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.09.025
• 57. Sultan, H., Ahmed, N., Mubashir, M., and Danish, S. 2020. Chemical production of acidified activated carbon and its influences on soil fertility comparative to thermo-pyrolyzed biochar. Scientific Reports, 10(1), 595.
• 58. Sun, Z., Hu, Y., Shi, L., Li, G., Pang, Z.H.E., Liu, S., Chen, Y., and Jia, B. 2022. Effects of biochar on soil chemical properties: A global meta-analysis of agricultural soil. Plant, Soil and Environment, 68(6), 272–289. https://doi.org/10.17221/522/2021-PSE
• 59. Tan, Z., Zou, J., Zhang, L., and Huang, Q. 2017. Morphology, pore size distribution, and nutrient characteristics in biochars under different pyrolysis temperatures and atmospheres. Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management, 20(2), 1036–1049. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10163-017-0666-5
• 60. Tan, G., Liu, Y., and Xiao, D. 2019. Influence of different pyrolysis methods on the sorption property of rice straw biochar. Separation Science and Technology, 54(17), 2773–2782.
• 61. Tan, Z., Yuan, S., Hong, M., Zhang, L., and Huang, Q. 2020. Mechanism of negative surface charge formation on biochar and its effect on the fixation of soil Cd. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 384, 121370. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121370
• 62. Tong, Y., Mayer, B. K., and Mcnamara, P.J. 2016. Triclosan adsorption using wastewater biosolidsderived biochar. Environmental Science: Water Research and Technology, 2(4), 761–768.
• 63. Ullah, I., Khan, S., Nawab, J., Khan, M.A., and Jehan, S. 2022. Hardwood modified and unmodif ied biochar amendments used for saline alkali soil remediation: phosphorus availability and its plant uptake.Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 15(9), 910.
• 64. Villegas-Pangga, G. 2021. Production and characterization of biochars from slow Pyrolysis of different biomass materials to evaluate properties as soil amendments. Philippine Journal of Science, 150(1), 267–276
• 65. Wang, T., Wu, J., Zhang, Y., Liu, J., Sui, Z., Zhang, H., Chen, W.Y., Norris, P., and Pan, W. P. 2018. Increasing the chlorine active sites in the micropores of biochar for improved mercury adsorption. Fuel, 229, 60–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2018.05.028
• 66. Wang, J., and Wang, S. 2019. Preparation, modification and environmental application of biochar: a review. Journal of Cleaner Production, 227, 10021022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.04.282
• 67. Wang, C., Huang, R., Sun, R., Yang, J., and Sillanpää, M. 2021. A review on persulfates activation by functional biochar for organic contaminants removal: Synthesis, characterizations, radical determination, and mechanism. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 9(5), 106267.
• 68. Wang, Z., Pan, X., Kuang, S., Chen, C., Wang, X., Xu, J., Li, X., Li, H., Zhuang, Q., Zhang, F., and Wang, X. 2022. Amelioration of coastal saltaffected soils with biochar, acid modified biochar and wood vinegar: Enhanced nutrient availability and bacterial community modulation. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(12), 7282.
• 69. Weber, K., and Quicker, P. 2018. Properties of biochar. Fuel, 217, 240–261. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2017.12.054
• 70. Wu, H., Che, X., Ding, Z., Hu, X., Creamer, A.E., Chen, H., and Gao, B. 2015. Release of soluble elements from biochars derived from various biomass feedstocks. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 23(2), 1905–1915. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-015-5451-1 7
• 1. Wu, J., Wang, T., Zhang, Y., and Pan, W.P. 2019. The distribution of Pb (II)/Cd (II) adsorption mechanisms on biochars from aqueous solution: considering the increased oxygen functional groups by HCl treatment. Bioresource Technology, 291, 121859.
• 72. Xi, J., Li, H., Xi, J., Tan, S., Zheng, J., and Tan, Z. 2020. Effect of returning biochar from different pyrolysis temperatures and atmospheres on the growth of leaf-used lettuce. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27, 35802–35813. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-09840-8
• 73. Xia, X., Riaz, M., Babar, S. Li, Y., Wang, X., Wang, J., and Jiang, C. 2024. Acid-modified cotton straw biochar has instructive for the improvement of saline-alkali soil. J Soils Sediments. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-024-03800-2
• 74. Xiao, X., Chen, B., and Zhu, L. 2014. Transformation, morphology, and dissolution of silicon and carbon in rice straw-derived biochars under different pyrolytic temperatures. Environmental Science and Technology, 48(6), 3411–3419.
• 75. Xiao, R., Wang, J.J., Li, R., Park, J., Meng, Y., Zhou, B., Pensky, S., and Zhang, Z. 2018. Enhanced sorption of hexavalent chromium [Cr (VI)] from aqueous solutions by diluted sulfuric acid-assisted MgO-coated biochar composite. Chemosphere,208, 408–416. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.05.175
• 76. Yakout, S.M. 2015. Monitoring the changes of chemical properties of rice straw–derived biochars modified by different oxidizing agents and their adsorptive performance for organics. Bioremediation Journal, 19(2), 171–182. https://doi.org/10.1080/10889868.2015.1029115
• 77. Yakout, S.M. 2017. Physicochemical characteristics of biochar produced from rice straw at different pyrolysis temperature for soil amendment and removal of organics. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, India Section A: Physical Sciences, 87(2), 207–214. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40010-017-0343-z
• 78. Yang, X., Wan, Y., Zheng, Y., He, F., Yu, Z., Huang, J., Wang, H., Ok, Y.S., Jiang, Y., and Gao, B. 2019. Surface functional groups of carbon-based adsorbents and their roles in the removal of heavy metals from aqueous solutions: a critical review. Chemical Engineering Journal, 366, 608–621. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2019.02.119
• 79. Yuanchengpeng, Cai, C., and Cuijingwen. 2019. Study on Improvement Effect of Saline-alkali Soil by Cationic Modified Biochar. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 310(4), 42–46.
• 80. Zhang, J., Chen, Q., and You, C. 2016. Biochar effect on water evaporation and hydraulic conductivity in sandy soil. Pedosphere, 26(2), 265–272. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1002-0160(15)60041-8
• 81. Zhou, Z., Li, Z., Zhang, Z., You, L., Xu, L., Huang, H., Wang, X., Gao, Y., and Cui, X. 2021. Treatment of the saline-alkali soil with acidic corn stalk biochar and its effect on the sorghum yield in western Songnen Plain. Science of The Total Environment, 797, 149190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149190