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Pallets are a tertiary form of packaging used for stacking, storing, protecting, or transporting goods in supply chains. They are utilized as a base for the unitization of goods for logistics and warehousing. Moreover, pallets can be manufactured using wood, plastic, metal, and corrugated paper, which can be used as material-handling equipment. With several products being transported worldwide and with year-on-year growth, it would be beneficial to make lightweight pallets. Such pallets are recyclable, easy to clean, cheap, and durable to maintain and store. Though most of the pallets are widely available for basic purposes, applications involving high-end bio-packings and transportation of special chemicals require specialized pallets to be manufactured like polymers to ensure a negligible chemical reaction, light in weight, and attenuation in freight capacity, thereby widespread reduction in wastage. With advancements, job to job and immediate requirements, additive manufacturing has the potential to close the gap for jobs with short lead times. If the design process of new pallets has limits the creation of specific codes, the transitions will be smoother in rapid prototyping. This work describes the development of polymer pallets by taking advantage of stereolithography (SLA) and digital light processing (DLP) technology for 3D printing pallets in correlation to injection moulding. After the pallets are designed and manufactured, AM technologies can be applied to specified standards, and the pallets then undergo tensile strength, elongation, and hardness tests. The analysis was carried out for configurable geometries adapting to fork lifting, conveyor, racking, and stacking conditions. Analytical and numerical solutions were carried out to understand the stress and deflections for each geometry and its wide range of applications for pallets.
Wydawca
Czasopismo
Rocznik
Tom
Strony
1--31
Opis fizyczny
Bibliogr. 32 poz., rys., tab.
Twórcy
autor
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Information Technology Design and Manufacturing Kurnool (IIITDM Kurnool), Kurnool 518008, Andhra Pradesh, India
- Central Institute of Tool Design (CITD), Hyderabad 500037, MSME, Government of India
autor
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Information Technology Design and Manufacturing Kurnool (IIITDM Kurnool), Kurnool 518008, Andhra Pradesh, India
autor
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Information Technology Design and Manufacturing Kurnool (IIITDM Kurnool), Kurnool 518008, Andhra Pradesh, India
autor
- Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Indian Institute of Information Technology Design and Manufacturing Kurnool (IIITDM Kurnool), Kurnool 518008, Andhra Pradesh, India
autor
- Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Indian Institute of Information Technology Design and Manufacturing Kurnool (IIITDM Kurnool), Kurnool 518008, Andhra Pradesh, India
Bibliografia
- [1] Reddy KL, Pavankumar, VamshiKadali, SingiralaNavyaSree. A review on various industrial pallets; Int J Innov Res Sci Eng Technol. 2018;7(12):11682–94.
- [2] Patricio MA, Maravall D. A novel generalization of the gray-scale histogram and its application to the automated visual measurement and inspection of wooden pallets. Image Vis Comput. 2007;25(6):805–816.
- [3] Accorsi R, Baruffaldi G, Manzini R, Pini C. Environmental impacts of reusable transport items: a case study of pallet pooling in a retailer supply chain. Sustainability. 2019;11:3147.
- [4] Doctor S, Lebowitz CA, Baaklini GY. Non-destructive evaluation of materials and composites. SPIE. 1996;2944.
- [5] Kabir MF, Schmoldt DL, Araman PA, Schafer ME, Lee SM. Classifying defects in pallet stringers by ultrasonic scanning. Wood Fiber Sci. 2007;35(3):341–50.
- [6] Singh R, Singh H, Farina I, Colangelo F, Fraternali F. On the additive manufacturing of an energy storage device from recycled material. Compos B Eng. 2019;156:259–65.
- [7] Zhang H, Huang T, Jiang Q, He L, Bismarck A, Hu Q. Recent progress of 3D printed continuous fiber reinforced polymer composites based on fused deposition modeling: a review. J Mater Sci. 2021;56(23):12999–3022.
- [8] Khoo TS, Ratnam MM, Abdul Khalil HPS. Wood filler (WF)-recycled polypropylene (RPP) composite pallet: study of static deformation using FEA and shadow moire. J Reinf Plast Comp. 2008;27(16–17):1733–44.
- [9] Zhao J. Improved management practice for freight savings. PhD diss. Boston: Massachusetts Institute of Technology; 2022.
- [10] Nicholas DD, Kim MG, Pittman Jr CC, Schultz TP, Ingram Jr LL, Kabir FRA, et al. Polyurethane resins-treated wood pallets which are decontaminable of chemical warfare agents. J Wood Chem Technol. 2001;21(3):285–98.
- [11] Anil SK, Ma J, Kremer GE, Ray CD, Shahidi SM. Life cycle assessment comparison of wooden and plastic pallets in the grocery industry. J Ind Ecol. 2020;24(3):1–16
- [12] Bairapudi A, ChandrasekharaSastry C, Verma C. Experimental analysis of 3d printed pallet model through fused deposition modeling. Surf Rev Lett. 2022; https://www.worldscientific.com/doi/10.1142/S0218625X22500652
- [13] Melchels FPW, Feijen J, Grijpma DW. A review on stereolithography and its applications in biomedical engineering. Biomaterials. 2010;31:6121–30.
- [14] Xu X, Goyanes A, Trenfield SJ, Diaz-Gomez L, Alvarez-Lorenzo C, Gaisford S, Basit AW. Stereolithography (SLA) 3D printing of a bladder device for intravesical drug delivery.Mater Sci Eng C. 2020;120:111773.
- [15] Wang S, Ma Y, Deng Z, Zhang K, Dai S. Implementation of an elastoplastic constitutive model for 3D-printed materials fabricated by stereolithography. Addit Manuf. 2020;33:101104.
- [16] Michaud P, Pateloup V, Tarabeux J, Alzina A, André D, Chartier T. Numerical prediction of elastic properties for alumina green parts printed by stereolithography process. J Eur Ceram Soc. 2021;41(3):2002–15.
- [17] Kowsari K, Zhang B, Panjwani S, Chen Z, Hingorani H, Akbari S, et al. Photopolymer formulation to minimize feature size, surface roughness, and stair-stepping in digital light processing-based three-dimensional printing. Addit Manuf. 2018;24:627–38.
- [18] Hofstetter C, Orman S, Baudis S, Stampf J. Combining cure depth and cure degree, a new way to fully characterize novel photopolymers. Addit Manuf. 2018;24:166–72.
- [19] Liu Z, Liang H, Shi T, Xie D, Chen R, Han X, et al. Additive manufacturing of hydroxyapatite bone scaffolds via digital light processing and in vitro compatibility. Ceram Int. 2019;45(8):11079–86.
- [20] Caprioli M, Roppolo I, Chiappone A, Larush L, Pirri CF, Magdassi S. 3D-printed self-healing hydrogels via digital light processing, Nature Commun. 2021;12(1):2462.
- [21] Sastry CC, Gokulakrishnan K, Hariharan P, Kumar MP, Boopathy SR. Investigation of boring on gunmetal in dry, wet and cryogenic conditions. J Brazil Soc Mech Sci Eng. 2020;42(1):16.
- [22] Rajamanickam S, Prasanna J, Sastry CC. Analysis of high aspect ratio small holes in rapid electrical discharge machining of superalloys using Taguchi and TOPSIS. J Brazil Soc Mech Sci Eng. 2020;42(2):99.
- [23] Thirumavalavan K, Sastry CC, Abeens M, Muruganandhan R, MuthuManickam M. Study on the influence of process parameters of severe surface mechanical treatment process on the surface properties of AA7075 T651 using TOPSIS and Taguchi analysis. Mater Res Express. 2019;6(11):1165.
- [24] Quanyi M, Wang L, Dunn CK, Kuang X, Duan F, Zhang Z, et al. Digital light processing 3D printing of conductive complex structures. Addit Manuf. 2017;18:74–83.
- [25] Laureto JJ, Pearce JM. Anisotropic mechanical property variance between ASTM D638-14 type i and type iv fused filament fabricated specimens. Polym Test. 2018;68:294–301.
- [26] Verner, I., Merksamer, A. Digital design and 3D printing in technology teacher education. Procedia CIRP. 2015;36:182–6.
- [27] Anand Kumar S, Shivraj Narayan Y. Tensile testing and evaluation of 3D-printed PLA specimens as per ASTM D638 Type IV Standard. In: Chandrasekhar U, Yang LJ, Gowthaman S, editors. Innovative design, analysis and development practices in aerospace and automotive engineering. I-DAD; 2018.
- [28] Petruse RE, Půcåu S, Pascu A, Bondrea I. Key factors towards a high-quality additive manufacturing process with ABS material. Mater Today: Proc. 2019;12:358–66.
- [29] Martin A, Lakshmi TM, PrasannaVenkatesan V. A survey on multi-criteria decision making methods and its applications. Am J Inform Syst. 2013;1(1):31–43.
- [30] Singh A, Malik SK. Major MCDM techniques and their application—a review. IOSR J Eng. 2014;4(5):15–25.
- [31] Saaty TL. Decision making with the analytic hierarchy process. Int J Serv Sci. 2008;1(1):83–98.
- [32] Habib FN, Iovenitti P, Masood SH, Nikzad M. In-plane energy absorption evaluation of 3D printed polymeric honeycombs. Virtual Phys Prototyp. 2017;12(2):117–31.
Typ dokumentu
Bibliografia
Identyfikator YADDA
bwmeta1.element.baztech-77617845-c741-4af5-9b4f-25a708e3d603