Comparison of the environmental impact of an electric car and a car with an internal combustion engine in Polish conditions using life cycle assessment method

• Autorzy: Chłopek Z. , Lasocki J.

Warianty tytułu

PL

Porównanie oddziaływania na środowisko samochodu z napędem elektrycznym i samochodu z silnikiem spalinowym w warunkach polskich z zastosowaniem metody oceny cyklu istnienia

• Języki publikacji: EN

Abstrakty

EN

The paper presents results of a comparative analysis of the environmental impact of an electric car and cars with spark ignition and compression ignition engines. The investigations were carried out with the use of the life cycle assessment (LCA) method, with the processes related to the manufacturing, operation, and disposal of the vehicles when worn out being taken into account in the analysis. The life cycle assessment was made according to the ReCiPe method, with taking into account ten impact categories. The results obtained have indicated very high susceptibility of the ecological properties of electric cars to the electricity generation technology used. In Polish conditions, where most of the electric energy is obtained from coal and lignite combustion processes, the use of electric cars may result in a higher environmental load than it is in the case of motor vehicles with internal combustion engines.

PL

W pracy przedstawiono wyniki analizy porównawczej oddziaływania na środowisko samochodu elektrycznego i samochodów z silnikami spalinowymi – o zapłonie iskrowym i o zapłonie samoczynnym. Do badań wykorzystano metodę oceny cyklu istnienia (LCA). W analizie uwzględniono procesy związane z wytwarzaniem, eksploatacją, a także zagospodarowaniem pojazdów po zużyciu. Oceny wpływu cyklu istnienia dokonano metodą ReCiPe biorąc pod uwagę dziesięć kategorii wpływu. Uzyskane wyniki ukazują bardzo dużą wrażliwość właściwości ekologicznych samochodów elektrycznych na technologię wytwarzania energii elektrycznej. W warunkach polskich, w których większość energii elektrycznej pochodzi z procesu spalania węgla kamiennego i węgla brunatnego, użytkowanie samochodów elektrycznych może powodować większe obciążenie środowiska niż użytkowanie samochodów z silnikami spalinowymi.

Słowa kluczowe

EN

electric vehicles; internal combustion engine vehicles; life cycle assessment (LCA); LCA; electric energy

PL

samochody elektryczne; samochody z silnikami spalinowymi; ocena cyklu życia; LCA; energia elektryczna

• Wydawca: Polskie Towarzystwo Naukowe Silników Spalinowych
• Czasopismo: Combustion Engines
• Rocznik: 2013
• Tom: R. 52, nr 3
• Strony: 192--201
• Opis fizyczny: Bibliogr. 34 poz., wykr., pełen tekst na CD

Twórcy

autor

Chłopek Z.

• Faculty of Automotive and Construction Machinery Engineering at Warsaw University of Technology

autor

Lasocki J.

• Automotive Industry Institute in Warsaw
• Faculty of Automotive and Construction Machinery Engineering at Warsaw University of Technology

Bibliografia

• [1] ABB: Environmental product declarations. http://www.abb.pl/
• [2] Burnham A., Wang M., Wu Y.: Develop-ment and applications of GREET 2.7 – The transportation vehicle–cycle model. ANL/ESD/06. Argonne National Laboratory, University of Chicago, U.S. Department of Energy. Argonne 2006.
• [3] Chłopek Z., Jakubowski A.: The examination of the reduction of particulate matter emission from motor vehicle braking systems. Eksploatacja i Niezawodnosc – Maintenance and Reliability vol. 48, No. 4, pp. 29–36 2010.
• [4] Chłopek Z., Lasocki J.: Comprehensive evaluation of the environmental hazard caused by the operation of automotive vehicles. The Archives of Automotive Engineering vol. 54, No. 4, pp. 19–36, 2011.
• [5] Chłopek Z., Lasocki J., Kieracińska A.: The use of the Life Cycle Assessment of motor vehicles in the evaluation of the impact of motorization on the environment. The Archives of Automotive Engineering vol. 59, No. 1, pp. 15–31, 2013.
• [6] Daimler AG: Environmental certificate A–class. Mercedes–Benz. Stuttgart 2008.
• [7] Delucchi M. A.: A lifecycle emissions model (LEM): Lifecycle emissions from transportation fuels, motor vehicles, transportation modes, electricity use, heating and cooking fuels, and materials – Documentation of methods and data. UCD–ITS–RR–03–17–MAIN REPORT. Institute of Transportation Studies, University of California, Davis 2003.
• [8] Faria R., Moura P., Delgado J., de Almeida A. T.: A sustainability assessment of electric vehicles as a personal mobility system. Energy Conversion and Management vol. 61, No. 1, pp. 19–30, 2012.
• [9] Garg B. D., Cadle S. H., Mulawa P. A., Groblicki P. J., Laroo C., Parr G. A.: Brake wear particulate matter emissions. Environmental Science & Technology vol. 34, No. 21, pp. 4463–4469, 2000.
• [10] Goedkoop M. J., Heijungs R, Huijbregts M., De Schryver A., Struijs J., Van Zelm R.: ReCiPe 2008. A life cycle impact assessment method which comprises harmonised category indicators at the midpoint and the endpoint level. The Hague 2009.
• [11] GUS: Transport – wyniki działalności w 2010 r. Zakład Wydawnictw Statystycznych, Warszawa 2011.
• [12] Hawkins T. R., Gausen O. M., Strømman A. H.: Environmental impacts of hybrid and electric vehicles – a review. International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment vol. 17, No. 8, pp. 997–1014, 2012.
• [13] Hawkins T. R, Singh B., Majeau–Bettez G., Strømman A. H.: Comparative Environmental Life Cycle Assessment of Conventional and Electric Vehicles. Journal of Industrial Ecology vol. 17, No. 1, pp. 53–64, 2013.
• [14] IDIS 2 Consortium: International Dismantling Information System (IDIS) v4.30. Saarbruecken 2009.
• [15] International Energy Agency: Energy Statistics of OECD countries. 2011 Edition. Paris 2011.
• [16] Kowalski Z., Kulczycka J., Góralczyk M.: Ekologiczna ocena cyklu życia procesów wytwórczych (LCA). Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN, Warszawa 2007.
• [17] Lloyd S. M., Lave L. B., Matthews H. S.: Life cycle benefits of using nanotechnology to stabilize platinum–group metal particles in automotive catalysts. Environmental Science & Technology vol. 39, No. 5, pp. 1384–1392, 2005.
• [18] Maa H., Balthasar F., Tait N., Riera–Palou X., Harrison A: A new comparison between the life cycle greenhouse gas emissions of battery electric vehicles and internal combustion vehicles. Energy Policy vol. 44, pp. 160–173, 2012.
• [19] Majeau–Bettez G., Hawkins T. R., Strømman A. H.: Life cycle environmental assessment of lithium–ion and nickel metal hydride batteries for plug–in hybrid and bat-tery electric vehicles. Environmental Science & Technology vol. 45, No. 10, pp. 4548–4554, 2011.
• [20] NCDNR: Anatomy of a tire. North Carolina Department of Natural Resources, Raleigh 2010.
• [21] Nemry F., Leduc G., Mongelli I., Uihlein A.: Environmental Improvement of Passenger Cars (IMPRO–car). JRC Scientific and Technical Reports 2008.
• [22] Nissan: 2011 Leaf. Owner’s manual. Revised. Nissan Motor Co., LTD 2011.
• [23] Rantik M.: Life cycle assessment of five batteries for electric vehicles under different charging regimes. KFB – Kommunikations-forskningsberedningen, Stockholm 1999.
• [24] Röder A.: Integration of life–cycle assessment and energy planning models for the evaluation of car powertrains and fuels. Ph.D. dissertation, ETH–14291, Swiss Fed-eral Institute of Technology, Zurich 2001.
• [25] Schweimer G. W., Levin M.: Life cycle inventory for the Golf A4. Volkswagen AG, Wolfsburg 2000.
• [26] Soimakallio S., Kiviluoma J., Saikku L.: The complexity and challenges of determining GHG (greenhouse gas) emissions from grid electricity consumption and conservation in LCA (life cycle assessment) – A methodological review. Energy vol. 36, No. 12, pp. 6705–6713, 2011.
• [27] Solomon S., Qin D., Manning M., Chen Z., Marquis M., Averyt K. B., Tignor M., Miller H. L. (eds.): Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2007.
• [28] Spielmann M., Dones R. Bauer C.: Life Cycle Inventories of Transport Services. Final report ecoinvent v2.0 No. 14. Swiss Centre for Life Cycle Inventories, Dübendorf 2007.
• [29] Sullivan J. L., Williams R. L., Lester S., Cobas–Flores E., Chubbs S., Hentges S., Pomper S.: Life cycle inventory of a generic US family sedan: Overview of results USCAR AMP project. SAE Technical Paper Series no. 982160.
• [30] Tami R. M.: Material safety data sheet: Brake lining, non–asbestos friction material – 2530–01–298–3259. Motion Control Industries Division, Carlisle Corporation, Ridgeway, 1991.
• [31] USAMP: Life cycle inventory analysis of a generic vehicle. Final report. US Automobile Materials Partnership, Ecobalance, National Pollution Prevention Center. Ann Arbor 1999.
• [32] Volkswagen AG: The DSG dual–clutch gearbox. Environmental commendation – Background report. Wolfsburg 2008.
• [33] Volkswagen AG: The Golf. Environmental commendation – Background report. Wolfsburg 2008.
• [34] Waśkiewicz J., Radzimirski S., Chłopek Z., Taubert S.: Opracowanie metodologii prognozowania zmian aktywności sektora transportu drogowego (w kontekście ustawy o systemie zarządzania emisjami gazów cieplarnianych i innych substancji). Praca ITS nr 7101/ITS, Warszawa 2011.