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Tytuł artykułu

The Shia armed groups and the future of Iraq

Wybrane pełne teksty z tego czasopisma
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Warianty tytułu
Języki publikacji
EN
Abstrakty
EN
In this article, we try to identify the impact of the Shia militias in Iraq on the future of this country. We maintain that these armed groups will be a destabilising factor for Iraq and its neighbours, and they will worsen and deepen the sectarian division in the Middle East. We assess these different groups from different perspectives, for example, using the Weberian theory that the state is the only entity that has a monopoly of violence, Ariel Ahram’s model of state-sponsored and government-sponsored militias, and finally the devolution of violence to these armed groups.
Rocznik
Strony
39--53
Opis fizyczny
Bibliogr. 20 poz.
Twórcy
autor
  • University of Human Development, Iraq
autor
  • University of Human Development, Iraq
Bibliografia
  • 1. Aziz, J., 2016. What are Iraq’s Popular Mobilization Units doing in Beirut? Lebanon pulse. The Almonitor, 18 August, [online]. Available from: http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/ originals/2016/08/lebanon-host-secret-meeting-iraq-pmus-western-diplomats.html.
  • 2. Balcells, L., 2012. Book review of proxy warriors: The rise and fall of state-sponsored militias - By Ariel Ahram. Democracy and Security, 8, 406-414.
  • 3. Carey, S.C., Mitchell, N.J., & Lowe, W., 2013. States, the security sector, and the monopoly of violence. Journal of Peace Research, 50, 249–258.
  • 4. Brancati, D., 2004. Can Federalism Stabilize Iraq? Th e Washington Quarterly, 27, 7-21.
  • 5. Cockburn, P., 2005. Cricket but no chess in Sistani’s vision for democratic Iraq. The Independent News of the World, 9 February, [online]. Available from: http://www. independent.co.uk/news/world/cricket-but-no-chess-in-sistanis-vision-fordemocratic- iraq-1529714.html.
  • 6. Cole, J., 2014. Top 10 mistakes of former Iraq PM Nouri al-Maliki (that ruined his country). Juan Cole’s Blog, 15 August, [online]. Available from: http://www.juancole. com/2014/08/mistakes-Maliki-country.html.
  • 7. Lutterbeck, D., 2004. Between Police and Military: The New Security Agenda and the Rise of Gendarmeries. Cooperation and Conflict, 39, 46-47
  • 8. Ekman, J., 2009. Political participation and regime stability: A framework for analyzing hybrid regimes. International Political Science Review, 30, 7-31.
  • 9. Massoud, A., 2015. About hybrid countries in the Arab world. The Arab Weekly Newspaper. [online]. Available from: http://www.alarab.co.uk/article/Opinion/53177/ %D8%B9%D9%86-
  • 10. Evans, G., 2003. Only self-rule will bring stability to Iraq. The Crisis Group. Op-ed, Middle East & North Africa, 26 August. [online]. Available from: https://www.crisisgroup. org/middle-east-north-africa/gulf-and-arabian-peninsula/iraq/only-self-rule-willbring- stability-iraq
  • 11. Golkar, S., 2015. Captive Society: The Basij militia and social control in Iran. New York, NY: Columbia University Press.
  • 12. Gordon, M., & Schmitt, E., 2014. Saudi Arabia will grant U.S. request for anti-ISIS training program. The New York Times, 10 September, [online]. Available from: https://www. nytimes.com/2014/09/11/world/middleeast/saudi-arabia-isis.html?_r=1
  • 13. Hague, R., & Harrop, M., 2010. Comparative Government and Politics. Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke, UK.
  • 14. Hamilton, S., 2011. Outsourcing U.S. defense: National security implications - UPDATED: Industry insights. The National Defense, [online]. Available from: http://www.nationaldefensemagazine.org/archive/2011/January/Pages/Outsourcing USDefenseNationalSecurityImplications.aspx.
  • 15. Hawn, J., 2013. Intro to global security: Defining mercenaries and militias. [online]. Available from: http://introglobalsecurity.blogspot.com/2013/02/defi ning-mercenaries-andmilitias. html.
  • 16. Khedery, A., 2014. Why we stuck with Maliki -- and lost Iraq. The Washington Post. Opinions, 3 July, [online]. Available from: https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/ why-we-stuck-with-maliki--and-lost-iraq/2014/07/03/0dd6a8a4-f7ec-11e3-a606- 946fd632f9f1_story.html?utm_term=.c59a1a63d94f.
  • 17. Middle East Eye Staff ., 2015. Militias ‘greater threat’ to Iraq’s unity than Islamic State: Petraeus. News, The Middle East Eye, 21 June, [online]. Available from: http://www. middleeasteye.net/news/militias-greater-threat-iraqs-unity-islamic-state-petraeus- 1595509838.
  • 18. Rawabet Research and Strategic Studies Center. 2016. Popular crowd forces in Iraq (Al-Hashd al-shaabi) origin and future – survey. Releases, The Rawabet. [online]. Available from: http://rawabetcenter.com/en/?cat=3.
  • 19. Tran, M., & Roberts, D., 2014. Obama to lay out plan to ‘destroy’ Isis threat as Kerry arrives in Baghdad. The Guardian, [online]. Available from: https://www.theguardian. com/world/2014/sep/10/john-kerry-baghdad-obama-isis-strategy.
  • 20. Tures, J., 2014. How we enabled ISIS by disarming Iraqi militias. Huffington Post, The Blog, 7 October, [online]. Available from: http://www.huffi ngtonpost.com/john-atures/ how-we-enabled-isis-by-di_b_5947796.html.
Uwagi
Opracowanie rekordu w ramach umowy 509/P-DUN/2018 ze środków MNiSW przeznaczonych na działalność upowszechniającą naukę (2018).
Typ dokumentu
Bibliografia
Identyfikator YADDA
bwmeta1.element.baztech-72f5931e-f407-4dc6-8251-755d561059bf
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