Co-seismic and post-seismic deformation, field observations and fault model of the 30 October 2020 Mw = 7.0 Samos earthquake, Aegean Sea

• Autorzy: Ganas Athanassios , Elias Panagiotis , Briole Pierre , Valkaniotis Sotiris , Escartin Javier , Tsironi Varvara , Karasante Ilektra , Kosma Chrysanthi

Identyfikatory

DOI

10.1007/s11600-021-00599-1

• Języki publikacji: EN

Abstrakty

EN

On 30 October 2020, a large Mw = 7.0 earthquake occurred north of the island of Samos, Greece. Here we present the characteristics of the seismic fault (location, geometry, geodetic moment) as inferred from the processing of geodetic data (InSAR and GNSS). We use the InSAR displacement data from Sentinel-1 interferograms (ascending orbit 29 and descending 36) and the GNSS offsets from fourteen (14) stations in Greece and Turkey to invert for the fault parameters. Our inversion modelling indicates the activation of a normal fault offshore Samos with a length of 40 km, width of 15 km, average slip of 1.7 m, a moderate dip-angle (37°) and with a dip-direction towards North. The inferred fault is located immediately north of, and adjacent to Samos with the top of the slip ~ 0.6 km below surface, and ~ 1 km offshore at its closest to the island. Near the fault, the earthquake caused the permanent uplift of the island up to 10 cm with the exception of a coastal strip along part of the northern shore that subsided 2–6 cm. The co-seismic horizontal motion of GNSS station SAMO was 35.6 cm towards south and 3 cm towards west. A post-seismic signal (22–33% of the co-seismic on the vertical component) was observed at GNSS stations SAMO and SAMU, with a time constant of 30 days. The effects of the earthquake included liquefaction, rock falls, rock slides, road cracks and deep-seated landslides, all due to the strong ground motion and associated down-slope mobilization of soil cover and loose sediments.

Słowa kluczowe

EN

earthquake; InSAR; GNSS; liquefaction; uplift; Samos; Aegean Sea

PL

trzęsienie ziemi; InSAR; GNSS; skraplanie; wypiętrzenie; Samos; Morze Egejskie

• Wydawca: Instytut Geofizyki PAN ; Springer
• Czasopismo: Acta Geophysica
• Rocznik: 2021
• Tom: Vol. 69, no. 3
• Strony: 999--1024
• Opis fizyczny: Bibliogr. 73 poz.

Twórcy

autor

Ganas Athanassios

• Institute of Geodynamics, National Observatory of Athens, Lofos Nymfon, Thission, 11810 Athens, Greece

• https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1937-3283

autor

Elias Panagiotis

• Institute of Astronomy, Astrophysics, National Observatory of Athens, Space Applications and Remote Sensing, Vas. Pavlou & I. Metaxa, 15236 Penteli, Greece

autor

Briole Pierre

• Laboratoire de Géologie - UMR CNRS 8538, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Paris, PSL Research University, 24 rue Lhomond, 75005 Paris, France

autor

Valkaniotis Sotiris

• Department of Civil Engineering, Democritus University of Thrace, 67100 Xanthi, Greece

autor

Escartin Javier

• Laboratoire de Géologie - UMR CNRS 8538, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Paris, PSL Research University, 24 rue Lhomond, 75005 Paris, France

autor

Tsironi Varvara

• Institute of Geodynamics, National Observatory of Athens, Lofos Nymfon, Thission, 11810 Athens, Greece
• Department of Geology, University of Patras, 26504 Rio, Greece

autor

Karasante Ilektra

• Institute of Geodynamics, National Observatory of Athens, Lofos Nymfon, Thission, 11810 Athens, Greece

autor

Kosma Chrysanthi

• Institute of Geodynamics, National Observatory of Athens, Lofos Nymfon, Thission, 11810 Athens, Greece

Bibliografia

• 1. Angelier J (1979) Néotectonique de l’ arc Egéen. Soc Géol Nord 3:1–417
• 2. Atzori S, Manunta M, Fornaro G, Ganas A, Salvi S (2008) Postseismic displacement of the 1999 Athens earthquake retrieved by the differential interferometry by synthetic aperture radar time series. J Geophys Res 113:B09309. https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JB005504
• 3. Benetatos C, Kiratzi A, Ganas A, Ziazia M, Plessa A, Drakatos G (2006) Strike-slip motions in the Gulf of Siğaçik (western Turkey): properties of the 17 October 2005 earthquake seismic sequence. Tectonophysics 426(3–4):263–279. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2006.08.003
• 4. Boronkay K, Doutsos T (1994) Transpression and transtension within different structural levels in the central Aegean region. J Struct Geol 16(11):1555–1573. https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-8141(94)90033-7
• 5. Briole P (2017) Modelling of earthquake slip by inversion of GNSS and InSAR data assuming homogeneous elastic medium. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1098399
• 6. Briole P, Ganas A, Elias P, Dimitrov D (2021) The GPS velocity field of the Aegean. New observations, contribution of the earthquakes, crustal blocks model. Geophys J Int. https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggab089
• 7. Caputo, R. S. Pavlides, (2013). The Greek Database of Seismogenic Sources (GreDaSS), version 2.0.0: A compilation of potential seismogenic sources (Mw>5.5) in the Aegean Region. DOI:https://doi.org/10.15160/UNIFE/GREDASS/0200
• 8. Cetin, K. O., Mylonakis, G., Sextos, A. Stewart, J. P. Seismological and engineering effects of the Mw 7.0 Samos Island (Aegean Sea) Earthquake, (2020). Hellenic Association of Earthquake Engineering. Report 2020/02. https://doi.org/10.18118/G6H088
• 9. Chatzipetros A, Kiratzi A, Sboras S, Zouros N, Pavlides S (2013) Active faulting in the north-eastern Aegean Sea Islands. Tectonophysics 597–598:106–122
• 10. Cheloni DR, Giuliani E, D’Anastasio S, Atzori RJ, Walters L, Bonci N, D’Agostino M, Mattone S, Calcaterra P, Gambino F, Deninno R, Maseroli GS (2014) Coseismic and post-seismic slip of the 2009 L’Aquila (central Italy) MW 6.3 earthquake and implications for seismic potential along the Campotosto fault from joint inversion of high-precision levelling, InSAR and GPS data. Tectonophysics 622:168–185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2014.03.009
• 11. Chiaraluce L, Valoroso L, Piccinini D, Di Stefano R, De Gori P (2011) The anatomy of the 2009 L’Aquila normal fault system (central Italy) imaged by high resolution foreshock and aftershock locations. J Geophys Res 116:B12311. https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JB008352
• 12. D’Agostino N, Métois M, Koci R, Duni L, Kuka N, Ganas A, Georgiev I, Jouanne F, Kaludjerovic N, Kandić R (2020) Active crustal deformation and rotations in the southwestern Balkans from continuous GPS measurements. Earth Planet Sci Lett 539:116246. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2020.116246
• 13. Ergintav S, McClusky S, Hearn E, Reilinger R, Cakmak R, Herring T, Ozener H, Lenk O, Tari E (2009) Seven years of postseismic deformation following the (1999), M = 7.4 and M = 7.2 Izmit-Düzce, Turkey earthquake sequence. J Geophys Res 114:B07403. https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JB006021
• 14. Evelpidou N, Karkani A, Kampolis I (2021) Relative sea level changes and morphotectonic implications triggered by the Samos earthquake of 30th October 2020. J Mar Sci Eng 9:40. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse9010040
• 15. Fernández-Blanco D, de Gelder G, Lacassin R, Armijo R (2020) Geometry of flexural uplift by continental rifting in Corinth, Greece. Tectonics 39:e2019TC005685. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019TC005685
• 16. Foumelis M, Papazachos C, Papadimitriou E et al (2021) On rapid multidisciplinary response aspects for Samos 2020 M7.0 earthquake. Acta Geophys. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11600-021-00578-6
• 17. Ganas A, Drakatos G, Pavlides SB, Stavrakakis GN, Ziazia M, Sokos E, Karastathis VK (2005) The 2001 Mw = 6.4 Skyros earthquake, conjugate strike-slip faulting and spatial variation in stress within the central Aegean Sea. J Geodyn 39(1):61–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jog.2004.09.001
• 18. Ganas A, Drakatos G, Rontogianni S, Tsimi C, Petrou P, Papanikolaou M, Argyrakis P, Boukouras K, Melis N, Stavrakakis G (2008) NOANET: the new permanent GPS network for geodynamics in Greece. European Geophysical Union, Geophysical Research Abstracts 10, EGU2008-A-04380
• 19. Ganas A, Parsons T (2009) Three-dimensional model of Hellenic Arc deformation and origin of the Cretan uplift. J Geophys Res Solid Earth. https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JB005599
• 20. Ganas A, Oikonomou A, Tsimi C (2013) NOAfaults: a digital database for active faults in Greece. Bull Geol Soc Greece 47:518–530. https://doi.org/10.12681/bgsg.11079
• 21. Ganas A, Andritsou N, Kosma C, Argyrakis P, Tsironi V, Drakatos G (2018) A 20-yr database (1997–2017) of co-seismic displacements from GPS recordings in the Aegean area and their scaling with Mw and hypocentral distance. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece 52:98–130. https://doi.org/10.12681/bgsg.18070
• 22. Ganas A, Elias P, Kapetanidis V, Valkaniotis S, Briole P, Kassaras I, Argyrakis P, Barberopoulou A, Moshou A (2019) The July 20, 2017 M6.6 Kos earthquake: seismic and geodetic evidence for an active north-dipping normal fault at the western end of the Gulf of Gökova (SE Aegean Sea). Pure Appl Geophys 176(10):4177–4211. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00024-019-02154-y
• 23. Ganas A, Elias P, Briole P, Tsironi V, Valkaniotis S, Escartin J, Karasante I, Efstathiou E (2020a) Fault responsible for Samos earthquake identified. Temblor. https://doi.org/10.32858/temblor.134
• 24. Ganas A, Briole P, Bozionelos G, Barberopoulou A, Elias P, Tsironi V, Valkaniotis S, Moshou A, Mintourakis I (2020b) The 25 October 2018 Mw= 6.7 Zakynthos earthquake (Ionian Sea, Greece): a low-angle fault model based on GNSS data, relocated seismicity, small tsunami and implications for the seismic hazard in the west Hellenic Arc. J Geodyn. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jog.2020.101731
• 25. Ganas A, Elias P, Briole P, Cannavo F, Valkaniotis S, Tsironi V, Partheniou EI (2020c) Ground deformation and seismic fault model of the M6.4 Durres (Albania) Nov. 26, 2019 earthquake, based on GNSS/INSAR observations. Geosciences 10(6):210. https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences10060210
• 26. Goldstein RM, Werner CL (1998) Radar interferogram filtering for geophysical applications. Geophys Res Lett 25(21):4035–4038
• 27. Grigoriadis VN, Tziavos IN, Tsokas GN et al (2016) Gravity data inversion for Moho depth modeling in the Hellenic area. Pure Appl Geophys 173:1223–1241. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00024-015-1174-y
• 28. Houghton SL, Roberts GP, Papanikolaou ID, McArthur JM, Gilmour MA (2003) New 234U–230Th coral dates from the western Gulf of Corinth: implications for extensional tectonics. Geophys Res Lett 30(19):2013. https://doi.org/10.1029/2003GL018112
• 29. Huang Y, Yang S, Qiao X, Lin M, Zhao B, Tan K (2017) Measuring ground deformations caused by 2015 Mw7.8 Nepal earthquake using high-rate GPS data. Geodesy Geodyn 8(4):285–291. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geog.2017.03.003
• 30. Institute of Engineering Seismology and Earthquake Engineering (2020) Earthquake North of Samos Island (Greece) of 30/10/2020. Preliminary Report, Thessaloniki
• 31. ITSAK (2020) The Earthquake of Oct. 30, 2020, Mw7.0 (11:51 GMT) North of Samos Island (Greece): observed strong ground motion on Samos island, Preliminary Report ITSAK v3.0, Thessaloniki, pp 9
• 32. Kalogeras I, Melis NS, Kalligeris N 2020. The earthquake of October 30th, 2020 at Samos, Eastern Aegean Sea, Greece. Preliminary Report, National Observatory of Athens, Institute of Geodynamics. https://accelnet.gein.noa.gr/2020/11/09/the- earthquake- of-october- 30th- 2020- at- samos- eastern- aegean- sea- greece- preliminary- report
• 33. Lacroix P, Perfettini H, Taipe E, Guillier B (2014) Coseismic and postseismic motion of a landslide: observations, modeling, and analogy with tectonic faults. Geophys Res Lett 41:6676–6680. https://doi.org/10.1002/2014GL061170
• 34. Lacroix P, Handwerger AL, Bièvre G (2020) Life and death of slow-moving landslides. Nat Rev Earth Environ 1:404–419. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43017-020-0072-8
• 35. Lekkas, E., Mavroulis, S., Gogou, GA, et al. (2020). The October 30, 2020, Mw 6.9 Samos (Greece) earthquake. Newsletter of Environmental, Disaster and Crises Management Strategies, 21, ISSN 2653–9454, Athens, Greece
• 36. Mascle J, Martin L (1990) Shallow structure and recent evolution of the Aegean Sea: a synthesis based on continuous reflection profiles. Mar Geol 94(4):271–299
• 37. Mavroulis S, Triantafyllou I, Karavias A, Gogou M, Katsetsiadou K-N, Lekkas E, Papadopoulos GA, Parcharidis I (2021) Primary and secondary environmental effects triggered by the 30 October 2020, Mw = 7.0, Samos (Eastern Aegean Sea, Greece) earthquake based on post-event field surveys and InSAR analysis. Appl Sci 11:3281. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11073281
• 38. McClusky S et al (2000) Global positioning system constraints on plate kinematics and dynamics in the eastern Mediterranean and Caucasus. J Geophys Res 105(B3):5695–5719. https://doi.org/10.1029/1999JB900351
• 39. McKenzie D (1978) Active tectonics of the Alpine-Himalayan belt: the Aegean Sea and surrounding regions. Geophys J Roy Astr Soc 55(1):217–254. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.1978.tb04759.x
• 40. Melgar D, Crowell BW, Geng J, Allen RM, Bock Y, Riquelme S, Hill EM, Protti M, Ganas A (2015) Earthquake magnitude calculation without saturation from the scaling of peak ground displacement. Geophys Res Lett. https://doi.org/10.1002/2015GL064278/full
• 41. Melgar D, Ganas A, Geng J, Liang C, Fielding EJ, Kassaras I (2017) Source characteristics of the 2015 Mw6.5 Lefkada, Greece, strike-slip earthquake. J Geophys Res Solid Earth. https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JB013452
• 42. Melgar DA, Ganas T, Taymaz S, Valkaniotis BW, Crowell V, Kapetanidis V, Tsironi S, Yolsal-Çevikbilen S., Öcalan, T (2020) Rupture kinematics of 2020 January 24 Mw 6.7 Doğanyol-Sivrice, Turkey earthquake on the East Anatolian Fault Zone imaged by space geodesy. Geophys J Int 223(2):862–874. https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggaa345
• 43. Melis NS, Okal EA, Synolakis CE et al (2020) The Chios, Greece earthquake of 23 July 1949: seismological reassessment and tsunami investigations. Pure Appl Geophys 177:1295–1313. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00024-019-02410-1
• 44. Meng J, Sinoplu O, Zhou Z et al (2021) Greece and Turkey Shaken by African tectonic retreat. Sci Rep 11:6486. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-86063-y
• 45. Moro M, Chini M, Saroli M, Atzori S, Stramondo S, Salvi S (2011) Analysis of large, seismically induced, gravitational deformations imaged by high-resolution COSMO-SkyMed synthetic aperture radar. Geology 39(6):527–530. https://doi.org/10.1130/G31748.1
• 46. Mountrakis D, Kilias A, Vavliakis E, Psilovikos AS, Thomaidou E, (2003) Neotectonic map of Samos island (Aegean Sea, Greece): Implication of geographical information systems in the geological mapping. In: Proceedings Volume 1, 4th European Congress on Regional Geoscientific Cartography and Information Systems, 11–13, Bologna, Italy
• 47. Neo JC, Yihe Huang, Dongdong Yao, Shengji Wei; (2020) Is the aftershock zone area a good proxy for the Mainshock rupture area? Bull Seismol Soc Am 111(1):424–438. https://doi.org/10.1785/0120190200
• 48. NOAFAULTs KMZ layer Version 2.1 (2019 update) (Version V2.1). Zenodo. http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3483136
• 49. Nomikou P, Evangelidis D, Papanikolaou D, Lampridou D, Litsas D, Tsaparas Y, Koliopanos I (2021) Morphotectonic analysis along the northern Margin of Samos Island, related to the seismic activity of October 2020, Aegean Sea, Greece. Geosciences 11:102. https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences11020102
• 50. Ocakoglu N, Demirbag E, Kuscu I (2004) Neotectonic structures in the area offshore of Alaçatı, Doğanbey and Kuşadası (western Turkey): evidence of strike-slip faulting in the Aegean extensional province. Tectonophysics 391:67–83
• 51. Okada Y (1985) Surface deformation due to shear and tensile faults in a half-space. Bull Seismol Soc Am 75:1135–1154
• 52. Okrusch M, Richter P, Katsikatsos G (1984) High-pressure rocks of Samos, Greece. Geol Soc Lond Special Publ 17:529–536. https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.017.01.39
• 53. Ott R, Wegmann KW, Gallen SF, Pazzagila FJ, Brandon M, Ueda K, Fassoulas C, (2021) Reassessing Eastern Mediterranean tectonics and earthquake hazards from the AD 365 earthquake: AGU Advances, in press
• 54. Özkaymak C, Sözbilir H (2012) Tectonic geomorphology of the Spildağı high ranges, western Anatolia. Geomorphology 173–174:128–140
• 55. Papadimitriou P, Kapetanidis V, Karakonstantis A, Spingos I, Kassaras I, Sakkas V, Kouskouna V, Karatzetzou A, Pavlou K, Kaviris G, Voulgaris N (2020) First results on the Mw=6.9 Samos earthquake of 30 October 2020. Bull Geol Soc Greece 56:251–279. https://doi.org/10.12681/bgsg.25359
• 56. Papadopoulos GA, Latoussakis I, Daskalaki E, Diakogianni G, Fokaefs A, Kolligri M, Liadopoulou K, Orfanogiannaki K, Pirentis A (2006) The East Aegean Sea strong earthquake sequence of October–November 2005: lessons learned for earthquake prediction from foreshocks. Nat Hazards Earth Syst Sci 6:895–901. https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-6-895-2006
• 57. Papanikolaou D (1979) Unités tectoniques et phases de déformation dans l’îsle de Samos, Mer Egée. Grèce Bull Soc Géol France 21:745–752
• 58. Papazachos BC, Mountrakis DM, Papazachos CB, Tranos MD, Karakaisis GF, and Savvaidis AS, (2001) The faults which have caused the known major earthquakes in Greece and surrounding region between the 5th century BC and today. In: Proceedings of 2nd National Conference Anti-Seismic Engineering and Technical Seismology, 17–26, Technical Chamber of Greece, Thessaloniki, Greece
• 59. Pousse-Beltran L, Socquet A, Benedetti L, Doin M-P, Rizza M, D’Agostino N (2020) Localized afterslip at geometrical complexities revealed by InSAR after the 2016 Central Italy seismic sequence. J Geophys Res Solid Earth. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JB019065
• 60. Reilinger RS, McClusky D, Paradissis S, Ergintav PV (2010) Geodetic constraints on the tectonic evolution of the Aegean region and strain accumulation along the Hellenic subduction zone. Tectonophysics 488(1–4):22–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2009.05.027
• 61. Ring U, Laws S, Bernet M (1999) Structural analysis of a complex nappe sequence and late-orogenic basins from the Aegean Island of Samos, Greece. J Struct Geol 21(11):1575–1601. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8141(99)00108-X
• 62. Robertson J, Meschis M, Roberts GP, Ganas A, Gheorgiou D (2019) Temporally constant Quaternary uplift rates and their relationship with extensional upper-plate faults in south Crete (Greece), constrained with 36Cl exposure dating. Tectonics 38(4):1189–1222. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018TC005410
• 63. Ruhl CJ, Melgar D, Geng J, Goldberg DE, Crowell BW, Allen RM, Bock Y, Barrientos S, Riquelme S, Baez JC, Cabral-Cano E, Pérez-Campos X, Hill EM, Protti M, Ganas A, Ruiz M, Mothes P, Jarrín P, Nocquet JM, Avouac JP, D’Anastasio E (2019) A global database of strong-motion displacement GNSS recordings and an example application to PGD scaling. Seismol Res Lett 90(1):271–279. https://doi.org/10.1785/0220180177
• 64. Sakellariou D, Mascle J, Lykousis V (2013) Strike slip tectonics and transtensional deformation in the Aegean region and the Hellenic arc: preliminary results. Bull Geol Soc Greece 47:647–656. https://doi.org/10.12681/bgsg.11098
• 65. Stiros SC, Laborel J, Laborel-Deguen F, Papageorgiou S, Evin J, Pirazzoli PA (2000) Seismic coastal uplift in a region of subsidence: holocene raised shorelines of Samos Island, Aegean Sea, Greece. Mar Geol 170(1–2):41–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0025-3227(00)00064-5
• 66. Tan O, Papadimitriou EE, Pabucçu Z et al (2014) A detailed analysis of microseismicity in Samos and Kusadasi (Eastern Aegean Sea) areas. Acta Geophys 62:1283–1309. https://doi.org/10.2478/s11600-013-0194-1
• 67. Taymaz T, Jackson J, McKenzie D (1991) Active tectonics of the north and central Aegean Sea. Geophys J Int 106(2):433–490. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.1991.tb03906.x
• 68. Theodoropoulos D (1979) Geological map of Greece, 1:50,000 scale. Neon Karlovasi and Limin Vatheos Sheets, IGME, Athens, Greece
• 69. Triantafyllou I, Gogou M, Mavroulis S, Lekkas E, Papadopoulos GA, Thravalos M (2021) The tsunami caused by the 30 October 2020 Samos (Aegean Sea) Mw7.0 earthquake: hydrodynamic features, source properties and impact assessment from post-event field survey and video records. J Mar Sci Eng 9:68. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse9010068
• 70. Vadaloukas G, Vintzileou E, Ganas A, Giarlelis C, Ziotopoulou K, Theodoulidis N, Karasante I, Margaris B, Mylonakis G, Papachristidis A, Repapis C, Psarropoulos PN, & Sextos AG (2020) Samos Earthquake of 30th October, 2020. Preliminary Report of the Hellenic Association for Earthquake Engineering, Athens, Greece. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.22609.76644
• 71. Vernant P, Reilinger R, McClusky S (2014) Geodetic evidence for low coupling on the Hellenic subduction plate interface. Earth Planet Sci Lett 385:122–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2013.10.018
• 72. Wessel P, Luis JF, Uieda L, Scharroo R, Wobbe F, Smith WHF, Tian D (2019) The generic mapping tools version 6. Geochem Geophys Geosyst 20:5556–5564
• 73. Yolsal-Çevikbilen S, Taymaz T, Helvacı C (2014) Earthquake mechanisms in the Gulfs of Gökova, Sığacık, Kuşadası, and the Simav Region (western Turkey): neotectonics, seismotectonics and geodynamic implications. Tectonophysics 635:100–124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2014.05.001