Toluen

• Autorzy: Jakubowski M.

Warianty tytułu

EN

Toluene

• Języki publikacji: PL

Abstrakty

PL

Toluen ma wszechstronne zastosowanie jako surowiec w procesie produkcji gumy, żywic, detergentów, barwników, leków, trinitrotoluenu, kwasu benzoesowego i diizocyanianu toluenu. Toluen jest składnikiem wielu takich produktów rynkowych, jak: farby, szelak, inhibitory korozji, rozcieńczalniki oraz środki czyszczące i sanitarne zawierające rozpuszczalniki organiczne. Narażenie zawodowe na toluen może występować na etapie produkcji, wytwarzania, konfekcjonowania i przechowywania półproduktów i produktów zawierających toluen, jak również ich stosowania, np. w trakcie malowania farbami i lakierami czy oczyszczania powierzchni. Toluen może wchłaniać się do organizmu przez płuca, z przewodu pokarmowego i przez skórę. Retencja par toluenu w płucach u ludzi wynosi około 60 ÷ 80%. Szybkość wchłaniania toluenu przez skórę wynosi w przypadku kontaktu 0,69 mg/cm2/h. Główną drogą przemiany toluenu u ludzi jest utlenianie reszty metylowej do grupy karboksylowej z utworzeniem kwasu benzoesowego, który następnie ulega sprzęganiu z glutationem z utworzeniem kwasu hipurowego. Półokres wydalania kwasu hipurowego z moczem po narażeniu inhalacyjnym wynosi około 3,5 h. Efekty krytyczne działania toluenu obejmują działanie drażniące na oczy, wpływ na reprodukcję, działanie oto toksyczne i neurotoksyczne. Wartość NOAEL dla działania neurotoksycznego toluenu (wykonywanie testów psychometrycznych) ustalono na poziomie około 375 mg/m3. Spontaniczne poronienia występowały u kobiet narażonych zawodowo na toluen o stężeniach rzędu 170 ÷ 550 mg/m3 (średnio 300 mg/m3). Narażenie na toluen powoduje podrażnienie układu oddechowego, oczu i ból głowy. Stężenie 150 mg/m3 toluenu przyjęto za wartość NOAEL dla tego typu skutków działania, a stężenie 375 mg/m3 za wartość LOAEL. Przyjmując za skutek krytyczny działanie drażniące, zaproponowano wartość NDS toluenu równą 100 mg/m3. Pozostawiono również oznakowanie normatywu literami „Sk” (substancja wchłania się przez skórę) i literami „Ft” (substancja działa toksycznie na płód). Ze względu na działanie drażniące związku ustalono wartość NDSCh toluenu równą 200 mg/m3. Oznaczanie stężenia kwasu hipurowego w moczu zastąpiono oznaczaniem stężenia o-krezolu. Wartość DSB (dopuszczalne stężenie w materiale biologicznym) ustalono na poziomie 0,5 mg o-krezolu/g kreatyniny w próbkach moczu pobranych po zakończeniu zmiany roboczej.

EN

Toluene is a clear, colorless liquid with a distinctive smell. The largest source of toluene release is during the production, transport and use of gasoline, which contains 5 ÷ 7% toluene by weight. Toluene is used in making paints, paint thinners, lacquers and adhesives. Absorption of toluene results mainly from inhalation of its vapor. In human studies retention of toluene in the lungs has been estimated by different authors to be 60 ÷ 80%. Significant amounts may also be absorbed through the skin if there is contact with the liquid form. The rate of absorption through the skin amounts to about 0.69 mg/cm2/h. Following absorption, toluene is rapidly distributed, with the highest levels observed in adipose tissue followed by bone marrow, adrenals, kidneys, liver, brain and blood. A mean toluene half-life of toluene in blood amount to 4.5 h and to 3.8 h in alveolar air. Approximately 20% of the absorbed toluene is excreted unchanged in the expired air. A minute amount is excreted in urine. The reminder is oxidized by transformation of the methyl radical into the carboxyl radical, which is mainly conjugated with glycine to produce hippuric acis. Less than 1% of the dose is hydroxylated to cresols. Hippuric acid is excreted in urine with a biological half-life of 3.5 h. Adverse effects on the nervous system and respiratory tract irritation are the critical effects from inhalation exposure to toluene. Experimental exposure of human volunteers to toluene at about 375 mg/m3 did not produce statistically significant differences in the results of tests measuring psychometric performance and subjective evaluations of well-being when compared to controls (NOAEL). Spontaneous abortions were observed as result of occupational exposure to toluene in concentrations of 170 ÷ 550 mg/m3. Irritation of the nose and throat was reported in printers exposed to 375 mg/m3 of toluene for 6.5 h and in volunteers exposed to the same concentration of toluene for 6 h (LOAEL). The proposed occupational exposure limits OEL-TWA of 100 mg/m3 and OEL-STEL of 200 mg/m3 are based on the LOAEL of 375 mg/m3 for irritative properties of toluene. As toluene is absorbed through the skin and is potentially fetotoxic the “Sk” and “Ft” symbols should denote this compound. A BEI value of 0.5 mg of o-cresol in urine samples collected at the end of the workshift has been proposed.

Słowa kluczowe

PL

toluen; narażenie przemysłowe; NDS

EN

toluene; occupational exposure; OEL

• Wydawca: Centralny Instytut Ochrony Pracy - Państwowy Instytut Badawczy
• Czasopismo: Podstawy i Metody Oceny Środowiska Pracy
• Rocznik: 2007
• Tom: Nr 3 (53)
• Strony: 131--158
• Opis fizyczny: Bibliogr. 95 poz., tab.

Twórcy

autor

Jakubowski M.

• Instytut Medycyny Pracy im. prof. dr. med. Jerzego Nofera 91-348 Łódź ul. św. Teresy od Dzieciątka Jezus 8

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