Identyfikatory
Warianty tytułu
Języki publikacji
Abstrakty
It was observed that sodium hydroxide, formamide, and ethyl acetate treatments enhance fibre swelling (re-swelling) abilities, especially after the first recycling stage. The highest water retention values (WRV) of 2.76 g/g were found at the second recycling stage of 7.5% formamide treatment (7.5Fa2). However, the highest air permeability value of 8.83 m2/sec. was found at the third recycling stage of 5.0% in ethyl acetate treated samples (5Et3). The optical properties of the whiteness and brightness of the sheets presented a variation in the recycled sheets and with further recycling, usually resulted in marginal changes. The sodium hydroxide treatment usually resulted in a 1.2%–24.6% improvement of tensile strength. However, the highest burst strength improvement of 49.6% was achieved at a 7.5% NaOH charge at the first recycling stage (7.5Na1). The formamide treatments resulted in approx. 5.3% to 53.2% tensile strength improvement. The highest burst of 4.48 kPa m2/g was found at the first recycling stage of 7.5% (7.5Fa1) conditions with formmaide, which indicates 88.2% higher than control (C1). Moreover, the highest tensile (38.8%) and burst strength (87.8%) improvements were found in the ethyl acetate treatment at the first recycling stage of 7.5% chemical charge level, while the highest tear strength improvement (102.6%) was found at the second recycling stage of 7.5% treatment level. It was realised that increasing the ethyl acetate concentration is usually positively correlated with all three strength properties of the sheets.
Słowa kluczowe
Rocznik
Tom
Strony
95--109
Opis fizyczny
Bibliogr. 33 poz., rys., tab.
Twórcy
autor
- Suleyman Demirel University, Forestry Faculty, Isparta, Turkey
autor
- Suleyman Demirel University, Forestry Faculty, Isparta, Turkey
Bibliografia
- Atalla R.H. [1992]: Structural change in cellulose during papermaking and recycling. In: Rowell R.M., Laufenberg T., Rowell J.K. (eds.), Material interaction relevant to recycling of wood-based material: Proceeding of Materials Research Society Symposium. Materials Research Society, Pittsburgh
- Bhat G.R., Heitmann J.A., Joyce T.W. [1991]: Novel techniques for enhancing the strength properties of secondary fiber. Tappi Journal 74 [9]: 151-157
- Bajpai P. [2014]: Recycling and deinking of recovered paper. Elsevier, New York: 304
- Biermann C.J. [1993]: Essentials of pulping and papermaking. Academic Press Inc., San Diego
- Brancato A.A. [2008]: Effect of progressive recycling on cellulose fiber surface properties. Georgia Institute of Technology, GA, USA [PhD thesis]
- Cathie K., Guest D. [1991]: Waste paper. Pira, Chippenham: 134
- Clark J. d'A. [1978]: Pulp technology and treatment of paper. Miller Freeman Publications, Inc., San Francisco
- Ellis R.L., Sedlachek K.M. [1993]: Recycled-versus virgin-fiber characteristic: a comparison. In: Spangenberg R.J. (ed.), Secondary Fiber Recycling. Tappi Press, Atlanta
- Fernandez E.O., Young R.A. [1996]: Properties of cellulose pulps from acidic and basic processes. Cellulose 3 [1]: 21-44
- Gurnagul N. [1995]: Sodium hydroxide addition during recycling; effects on fiber swelling and sheet strength. Tappi Journal 78 [12]: 119
- Horn R.A. [1975]: What are the effects of recycling on fiber and paper properties. Paper Trade Journal 159 [7/8]: 78-82
- Howard R.C., Bichard W. [1992]: The basic effects of recycling on pulp properties. Journal of Pulp and Paper Science 18 [4]: J151-J159
- Katz S., Liebergott N., Scallan A.M. [1981]: A mechanism for the alkali strengthening of mechanical pulps. Tappi Journal 64 [7]: 97-100
- Laivins G.V., Scallan A.M. [1996]: The influence of drying and beating on the swelling of fines. Journal of Pulp and Paper Science 22 [5]: J178-J184
- Mantanis G.I., Young R.A., Rowell R.M. [1994]: Swelling of wood. Part II. Swelling in organic liquids. Holzforschung 48 [6]: 480-490
- Mantanis G.I., Young R.A., Rowell R.M. [1995]: Swelling of compressed cellulose fiber webs in organic liquids. Cellulose 2 [1]: 1-22
- McKee R.C. [1971]: Effect of repulping on sheet properties and fiber characteristics. Paper Trade Journal 155 [21]: 34-40
- Minor J. [1994]: Hornification – its origin and meaning. Progress in Paper Recycling 3 [2]: 93-95
- Patrick K.L. [1991]: Paper Recycling: strategies, economics, and technology. Miller Freeman, San Francisco
- Scott W.E., Abbott J.E. [1995]: Properties of Paper: an Introduction. Tappi Press, Atlanta: 174
- Stamm A.J. [1964]: Wood and cellulose science. The Ronald Press Company, New York
- Wistara N., Young R.A. [1999]: Properties and treatments of pulps from recycled paper. Part I. Physical and chemical properties of pulps. Cellulose 6 [4]: 291-324
- Wistara N., Zhang X.J., Young R.A. [1999]: Properties and treatments of pulps from recycled paper. Part II. Surface properties and crystallinity of fibers and fines. Cellulose 6 [4]: 325-348
- Wyk W.V., Gerischer G. [1982]: The influence of recycling on the strength properties of machine made paper. Paperi ja Puu: 64 [9]: 526-533
- List of standards
- ASTM E313 Standard practice for calculating yellowness and whiteness indices from instrumentally measured color coordinates
- ISO 2469:2014 Paper, board and pulps – Measurement of diffuse reflectance factor
- TAPPI T205 om-88 Forming hand sheets for physical tests of pulp
- TAPPI T220 sp-96 Physical testing of pulp hand sheets
- TAPPI T403 Bursting strength of paper
- TAPPI T414 Internal tearing resistance of paper (Elmendorf-type method)
- TAPPI T425 om-96 Opacity of paper (15/d geometry, illuminant A/2, 89% reflectance backing and paper backing)
- TAPPI T460 om-02 Air resistance of paper (Gurley method)
- TAPPI T494 om-96 Tensile properties of paper and paperboard (using constant rate of elongation apparatus)
Typ dokumentu
Bibliografia
Identyfikator YADDA
bwmeta1.element.baztech-6dbf5a9d-8173-4c04-83e7-862efa07f0ac
JavaScript jest wyłączony w Twojej przeglądarce internetowej. Włącz go, a następnie odśwież stronę, aby móc w pełni z niej korzystać.