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Copper and its inorganic compounds
Języki publikacji
Abstrakty
Miedź jest metalem szlachetnym stosowanym do produkcji: drutu, kabli, blachy, rur oraz do otrzymywania stopów, a także w: elektrotechnice, elektronice, budownictwie i motoryzacji. Związki miedzi znalazły zastosowanie jako: fungicydy, pestycydy, algicydy, składniki nawozów mineralnych i do-datki paszowe. Narażenie zawodowe na dymy miedzi występuje u wytapiaczy i odlewników, natomiast podczas spawania, cięcia metali oraz szlifowania i polerowania przedmiotów z miedzi i mosiądzu występuje narażenie na pyły miedzi. Dymy miedzi powodują podrażnienie górnych dróg oddechowych i wrażenie metalicznego lub słodkiego smaku. Pobieranie miedzi drogą pokarmową prowadzi do zaburzeń ze strony przewodu po-karmowego i wątroby. Na podstawie danych otrzymanych w badaniach epidemiologicznych wykazano, że narażenie na miedź zwiększa ryzyko umieralności na choroby naczyń mózgowych i chorobę Parkinsona oraz sprzyja rozwojowi miażdżycy naczyń krwionośnych. Pod względem ostrej toksyczności związki miedzi można zakwalifikować do substancji szkodliwych. Pyły i rozpuszczalne związki miedzi podawane do tchawicy zwierząt wywoływały zmiany zapalne w płucach. W warunkach narażenia powtarzanego zwierząt drogą pokarmową związki miedzi działały hepatotoksycznie i nefrotoksycznie oraz wywoływały: niedokrwistość mikrocytową, nadciśnienie tętnicze skurczowe i zmiany proliferacyjne nabłonka w przedżołądku. W testach bakteryjnych związki miedzi nie działały mutagennie, natomiast w innych testach wykazywały działanie klastogenne (zmiany w strukturze chromosomów). Miedź i jej związki nie zostały sklasyfikowane pod względem działania rakotwórczego, natomiast wykazano, że związki miedzi działają embriotoksycznie, fetotoksycznie i teratogennie. Podstawą wartości najwyższego dopuszczalnego stężenia (NDS) miedzi i jej związków nieorganicznych było działanie drażniące dymów, pyłów i rozpuszczalnych soli miedzi. Narażenie zawodowe na dymy miedzi o stężeniach do 0,4 mg/m3 nie powodowało zmian chorobowych u osób narażonych i dlatego stężenie to przyjęto za wartość NOAEL dymów miedzi. Wychodząc z tej wartości i przyjmując wartość współczynnika niepewności związanego z różnicami wrażliwości osobniczej u ludzi na poziomie 2, otrzymujemy proponowaną wartość NDS dla dymów miedzi równą 0,2 mg/m3. Ponieważ nie ma nowszych danych na temat skutków zdrowotnych narażenia na pyły miedzi, dlatego proponuje się przyjęcie dla pyłów takiej samej wartości NDS jak dla dymów. Proponowana wartość NDS powinna wynosić 0,2 mg/m3 (w przeliczeniu na Cu) dla wszystkich postaci miedzi i jej związków nieorganicznych, natomiast nie ma podstaw do zaproponowania wartości najwyższego dopuszczalnego stężenia chwilowego (NDSCh).
Copper is a reddish-brown metal that occurs free or in many ores. Copper metal is more resistant to corrosion than iron. Copper salts are usually colored, being blue or green. The most common salts are sulfate, carbonate, oxides, and sulfide. Copper is one of the most widely used structural metal due to its high electrical and thermal conductivity. Copper inorganic compounds are utilized in fungicides, 144 and pyrotechnics, as pigments, analytical reagents and fertilizer components, as well as, for electrop-lating and many other industrial applications. The exposures to copper and its compounds occur in copper and brass foundries and smelters and in welding copper-containing metals. There is exposure to both fumes and dusts of this metal. Health effects from copper fume and dust exposure consist of irritation of the upper respiratory tract, metallic or sweet taste sensation, nausea, metal fume fever, and in some instances, discoloration of the skin and hair. Concentrations of copper fume of 1-3 mg/m3 of air for short periods resulted in altered taste response but no nausea. However, the concentrations of from 0.02-0.4 mg/m3 did not cause com-plaints. If copper salts reach the gastrointestinal tract in sufficient concentration, they act as irritants pro-ducing salivation, nausea, vomiting, gastric pain, hemorrhagic gastritis, and diarrhea. It was found that copper compounds exert klastogenic, embriotoxic, fetotoxic, and teratogenic effects. This metal and its compounds did not classified as carcinogens. The MAC (TWA) value for copper and its inorganic compounds was calculated on the basis of the NOAEL (0.4 mg/m3) value and one uncertainty factor (UF=2). As a critical effect taken into account irritation of the upper respiratory tract in the workers exposed to fume and dust of copper and its com-pounds. The MAC (TWA) value of 0.2 mg/m3 is recommended. Sufficient data were not available to recommend TLV-STEL or BEI values.
Czasopismo
Rocznik
Tom
Strony
117--144
Opis fizyczny
Bibliogr. 83 poz., rys., tab.
Twórcy
autor
- Collegium Medicum Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego 30-688 Kraków ul. Medyczna 9
autor
- Instytut Medycyny Pracy im. prof. dr. med. Jerzego Nofera 91-348 Łódź ul. św. Teresy od Dzieciątka Jezus 8
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Bibliografia
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