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The Bushveld Complex of South Africa contains almost 90% of the world’s reserves of platinum group minerals (PGMs). In the flotation of PGMs, there are significant challenges arising from the need to treat ever-decreasing grades of the relevant ore deposits. The major challenge in the flotation of these ore bodies is the control and management of the gangue minerals, particularly silicates such as orthopyroxene, plagioclase feldspar, and pyroxene which are often rimmed with talc which makes them naturally floatable. It has been shown that various polysaccharide depressants such as CMC and guar have different properties in terms of depressing the gangue minerals. Since the PGMs are often associated with sulphides, copper sulphate is widely used as an activator in PGM flotation but can inadvertently activate the gangue minerals as well as reduce the recovery of PtTe2 which accounts for up to 40% of the Pt in the Platreef ore body. Depressants also reduce the mass of solids reporting to the froth and can thus destabilize the froth. This effect on the froth can be mitigated by using higher frother dosages or water of higher ionic strength. In summary due care needs to be taken to carry out site test work to develop an optimum ratio of collector, frother, activator and depressant to ensure that the highest grades and recoveries of the PGEs are obtained while reducing depressant dosage as much as possible. Chromite recoveries can be reduced through the application of gravity separation or reducing entrainment through reduced water recovery.
Słowa kluczowe
Rocznik
Tom
Strony
1107--1115
Opis fizyczny
Bibliogr. 34 poz., rys., tab.
Twórcy
autor
- University of Cape Town
autor
- University of Cape Town
autor
- University of Cape Town
autor
- University of Cape Town
Bibliografia
- ALVAREZ-SILVA, M., WIESE J., O’CONNOR, C.T., 2014. An investigation into the role of froth phase in controlling chromite in the flotation of UG2 ore using laboratory column flotation cell. Minerals Eng. 55, 125-131.
- BECKER, M., HARRIS, P.J., WIESE, J.G., BRADSHAW, D.J. 2009. Mineralogical characterisation of naturally floatable gangue in Merensky Reef ore flotation. Int. J. Mineral Proces. 93, 246-255.
- CORIN, K., BEZUIDENHOUT, J.C., O’CONNOR, C., 2012. The role of dithiophosphate as a co-collector in the flotation of a platinum group mineral ore. Minerals Eng. 36–38, 100–104.
- CORIN, K., REDDY, A., MIYEN, L., WIESE, J., HARRIS, P., 2011. The effect of ionic strength of plant water on valuable mineral and gangue recovery in a platinum bearing ore from the Merensky reef. Minerals Eng. 24, 131– 137.
- CORIN, K., WIESE, J., 2014. Investigating froth stability: A comparative study of ionic strength and frother dosage. Minerals Eng. 66-68, 130-134.
- CORIN, K.C., HARRIS, P.J. 2010. Investigation into the flotation response of a sulphide ore to depressant mixtures. Minerals Eng. 23, 915–920.
- DOUILLARD, J-M., SALLES, F., HENRY, M., MALANDRINI, H., CLAUSS, F. 2007. Surface energy of talc and chlorite: Comparison between electronegativity calculation and immersion results. J. Colloid and Interface Sci. 305, 352-360.
- FENG, B., LU, Y., FENG, Q., ZHANG, M., GU, Y. 2012. Talc-serpentine interactions and implications for talc depression. Minerals Eng. 32, 68-73.
- HAY, M.P., ROY, R., 2010. A case of study of optimising UG flotation performance. Part 1: Bench, pilot and plant scale factors which influence Cr2O3 entrainment in UG2 flotation. Minerals Eng. 23, 855–867.
- KIRJAVAINEN, V.M., 1992. Mathematical model for the entrainment.
- LASKOWSKI, J.S., LIU, Q., O’CONNOR, C.T. 2007. Current understanding of the mechanism of polysaccharide adsorption at the mineral/aqueous solution interface. Int. J. Mineral Process. 84, 59-68.
- MAHARAJ, L., LOVEDAY, B.K., POCOCK, J. 2012. Gravity separation of a UG-2 ore secondary sample for the reduction of chromite minerals. Minerals Eng. 30, 99-101.
- MCFADZEAN, B., DICKS, P., GROENMEYER, G., HARRIS, P., O’CONNOR, C., 2011. The effect of molecular weight on the adsorption and efficacy of polysaccharide depressants. Minerals Eng. 24, 463–469.
- MCFADZEAN, B., GROENMEYER, G., 2015. Selective molecular weight adsorption from polydisperse polysaccharide depressants. Minerals Eng. 77, 172-178.
- MCFADZEAN, B., MOROZVA, T., WIESE, J., 2016. Flotation frother mixtures: Decoupling the sub-processes of froth stability, froth recovery and entrainment. Minerals Eng. 85, 72-79.
- MHLANGA, S.S., O’CONNOR, C.T., MCFADZEAN, B., 2012. A study of the relative adsorption of guar onto pure minerals. Minerals Eng. 36–38, 172–178.
- MOIMANE, T., CORIN, K., WIESE, J., 2016. The effect of varying pulp reagent chemistry on the flotation performance of a South African PGM ore. Minerals Eng. 95, 155-160.
- NEETHLING, S.J., LEE, H.T., CILLIERS, J.J., 2003. Simple relationships for predicting the recovery of liquid from flowing foams and froths. Minerals Eng. 16, 1123-1130.
- NEETHLING, S.J., CILLIERS, J.J. 2009. The entrainment factor in froth flotation: model for particle size and other operating parameter effects. Int. J. Mineral Process. 93,141 – 148.
- NYABEZE, W., MCFADZEAN, B., 2016. Adsorption of copper sulphate on PGM-bearing ores and its influence on froth stability and flotation kinetics. Minerals Eng. 92, 28-36.
- PAROLIS, L.A.S., VAN DER MERWE, R., GROENMEYER, G.V., HARRIS, P., 2008. The influence of metal cations on the behaviour of carboxymethyl celluloses as talc depressants. Colloids and Surfaces 317, 109–115.
- PAROLIS, L.A.S., VAN DER MERWE, R., VAN LEERDAM, G.C., PRINS, F.E., SMEINK, R.G., 2007. The use of ToF-SIMS and microflotation to assess the reversibility of CMC binding onto talc. Minerals Eng. 20, 970–978.
- SCHOUSTRA, R., KINLOCH, E., LEE, A., 2000. A short geological review of the Bushveld Complex. Platinum Metals Rev. 44, (1), 33.
- SCHREITHOFER, N, WIESE, J., MCFADZEAN, B., HARRIS, P, HEISKANEN, K., O'CONNOR, C., 2011. Frother-depressant interactions in two and three phase systems. Int. J. of Mineral Process. 100, 33–40.
- SHACKLETON, N.J., MALYSIAK, V., O'CONNOR, C.T., 2007a. Surface characteristics and flotation behaviour of platinum and palladium tellurides. Minerals Eng. 20, 1237-1245.
- SHACKLETON, N.J., MALYSIAK, V., O'CONNOR, C.T., 2007b. Surface characteristics and flotation behaviour of platinum and palladium arsenides. Int. J. Mineral Process. 85, 25-40.
- SHACKLETON, N.J., MALYSIAK, V., O'CONNOR, C.T 2003. The use of amine complexes in managing inadvertent activation of pyroxene in a pentlandite-pyroxene flotation system. Minerals Eng. 16, 849–856.
- SHORTRIDGE, P.G., HARRIS, P.J., BRADSHAW, D.J., KOOPAL, L.K., 1999. The effect of chemical composition and molecular weight of polysaccharide depressants on the flotation of talc. Int. J. Mineral Process 59, 215–224.
- STEENBERG, E., HARRIS, P.J., 1984. Adsorption of carboxymethyl cellulose, guar gum and starch onto talc, sulphides, oxides and salt type minerals. South African J. Chemistry 37, 85-90.
- WIESE, J., HARRIS, P., BRADSHAW, D., 2005a. The influence of the reagent suite on the flotation of ores from the Merensky reef. Minerals Eng. 18, 189–198.
- WIESE, J., HARRIS, P., BRADSHAW, D., 2007. The response of sulphide and gangue minerals in selected Merensky ores to increased depressant dosages. Minerals Eng. 20, 986–995.
- WIESE, J., HARRIS, P., BRADSHAW, D., 2005b. Investigation of the role and interactions of a dithiophosphate collector in the flotation of sulphides from the Merensky reef. Minerals Eng. 18, 791–800.
- WIESE, J., HARRIS, P., BRADSHAW, D. 2010. The effect of increased frother dosage on froth stability at high depressant dosages. Minerals Eng. 23, 1010–1017.
- WIESE J.G., O’CONNOR, C.T. 2016. An investigation into the relative role of particle size, particle shape and froth behaviour on the entrainment of chromite. Int. J. Mineral Process. 156, 127-133.
Uwagi
PL
Opracowanie rekordu w ramach umowy 509/P-DUN/2018 ze środków MNiSW przeznaczonych na działalność upowszechniającą naukę (2019).
Typ dokumentu
Bibliografia
Identyfikator YADDA
bwmeta1.element.baztech-6c473fff-bb76-4231-9240-65dc1bd303ce