PL EN


Preferencje help
Widoczny [Schowaj] Abstrakt
Liczba wyników
Tytuł artykułu

The Use of Cyber Tools by the Russian Military: Lessons from the War against Ukraine and a Warning for NATO?

Treść / Zawartość
Identyfikatory
Warianty tytułu
Języki publikacji
EN
Abstrakty
EN
This article examines the Russian military’s Information Warfare (IW) activities. The particular focus here is on the use by this military of operations in cyberspace as a strategic force-multiplier. It seeks to shed light on why such operations are so important to this military and what goals it hopes to achieve through their use. In particular, this article highlights the role played by what Russian analysts refer to as cyber-psychological and cyber-technical operations. Having established the background to the Russian military’s IW thinking, this article then goes on to examine the application of its cyberspace operations against Ukraine: both before the 2022 invasion and as part of it. It is from this examination of the cyber-attacks conducted against Ukraine that a better understanding of the potential of Russian IW can be generated. As such, lessons can be drawn from this conflict as to how, in the future, the Russian military might employ IW specifically against NATO states as part of a major kinetic confrontation. But, as this article notes, drawing lessons as to the actual strength of Russian IW capabilities from the Ukraine conflict may be a flawed process. It may be the case that the Russian military might not have shown its true cyber hand in Ukraine. It may be saving its best cyber tools for any future conflict with NATO itself.
Rocznik
Strony
148--169
Opis fizyczny
Bibliogr. 84 poz.
Twórcy
autor
  • War Studies, King’s College London, UK
autor
  • Defence Studies, King’s College London, UK
Bibliografia
  • [1] R. Morgus, B. Fonseca, K. Green, A. Crowther. (2019). Are China and Russia on the cyber offensive in Latin America and the Caribbean?: A review of their cyber capabilities and implications for the US and its partners in the region. [Online]. Available: https://www.newamerica.org/cybersecurity-initiative/reports/russia-chinacyber-offensive-latam-caribbean [Accessed: Nov. 27, 2023].
  • [2] R. Thornton, M. Miron. (2022). Winning future wars: Russian offensive cyber and its vital importance in Moscow’s strategic thinking, Cyber Defense Review, Summer, pp. 117–125. [Online]. Available: https://cyberdefensereview.army.mil/Portals/6/Documents/2022_summer_cdr/09_Thorton_Miron_CDR_V7N3_Summer_2022.pdf?ver=0LhzDv4-cUkzkAqiTz401g%3D%3D [Accessed: Dec. 15, 2023].
  • [3] A. Polyakova. (Nov. 15, 2018). Weapons of the weak: Russia and AI-driven asymmetric warfare, Brookings. [Online]. Available: https://www.brookings.edu/articles/weapons-of-the-weak-russia-and-ai-driven-asymmetric-warfare/. [Accessed: Dec. 11, 2023].
  • [4] J. Jashibekova. (Mar. 24, 2011). Igor’ Panarin: V informatsionnykh Voynakh u Rossii Dolzhen Byt’ krepkii shchit IO. [Online]. Available: https://aif.ru/society/igor_panarin_v_informacionnyh_voynah_u_rossii_dolzhen_byt_krepkiy_schit_i_o. [Accessed: Jan. 9, 2024].
  • [5] M.J. Mazarr, B. Frederick, Y.K. Crane. (2022). Understanding a new era of strategic competition. Santa Monica, CA: RAND. [Online]. Available: https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/research_reports/RRA200/RRA290-4/RAND_RRA290-4.pdf. [Accessed: Dec. 15, 2023].
  • [6] S. Duguin, P. Pavlova. (Sep. 2023). The role of cyber in the Russian war against Ukraine: Its Impact and the consequences for the future of armed conflict. [Online]. Available: https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/
  • [7] V. Medinsky. “Ivan Groznyi I informatsionnaya Voyna”, Pravmir, 06 Oct. 2016. [Online]. Available: https://www.pravmir.ru/ivan-groznyiy-i-informatsionnayavoyna-video. [Accessed: Jan. 9, 2024].
  • [8] E. Messner. Myatezh – Imya tretei mirovoi voyny. Moscow: Moscow Publishing House, 1960.
  • [9] Kommersant, “Who is Igor Panarin,” Apr. 25, 2006. [Online]. Available: https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/669611. [Accessed: Dec. 11, 2023].
  • [10] J. Darczewska, “The anatomy of Russian information warfare. The Crimean operation, a case study,” OSW Point of View, no. 42, 2014. [Online]. Available: https://aei.pitt.edu/57173/1/42.pdf. [Accessed: Dec. 15, 2023].
  • [11] I. Panarin, Pervaya mirovaya informatsionnaya voyna: Razval SSSR. Saint Petersburg: Piter, 2010.
  • [12] V.V. Selivanov, Y.D. Il’yin, “Kontseptsiya voennotekhnicheskogo asimmetrichnogo otveta po sderzhivaniyu veroyatnogo protivnika ot razvyazyvaniya voennykh konflikov,” Voennaya Mysl, no. 2, pp. 31–47, 2022.
  • [13] I. Fazletdinov, V.I. Lumpov, “Rol’ Raketnykh voisk strategicheskogo naznacheniya v protivodeystvii strategicheskoi mnogosfernoi operatsii NATO,” Voennaya Mysl, no. 3, pp. 53–56, 2023.
  • [14] A. Mitrofanov, “Zakat yadernoi triady. Oruzhie SShA dlya naneseniya obezglavlivayushshego udara,” Voennoe Obozrenie, 15 Jan. 2020. [Online]. Available: https://topwar.ru/166706-zakat-jadernoj-triady-oruzhie-ssha-dljananesenija-obezglavlivajuschego-udara.html. [Accessed: Nov. 27, 2023].
  • [15] J. Foreman, “Russia will not attack NATO,” The Spectator, 09 Mar. 2024. [Online]. Available: https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/russia-will-not-attack-nato/. [Accessed: Jan. 9, 2024].
  • [16] G. Austin, N. Khaniejo, “Impact of the Russia–Ukraine war on national cyber planning: A survey of ten countries,” The International Institute for Strategic Studies, Dec. 2024. [Online]. Available: https://www.iiss.org/globalassets/media-library---content--migration/files/research-papers/2024/01/impact-ofthe-russiaukraine-war-on-national-cyber-planning_a-survey-of-ten-countries.pdf. [Accessed: Dec. 15, 2023].
  • [17] A.V. Il’nitsky, “Mental’naya Voyna Rossii,” Voennaya Mysl, no. 8, pp. 19–33, 2021.
  • [18] RBC. (Mar. 20, 2024). Sovetnik shoygu zayavil o razrabotke NATO kognitivnomental’nykh tekhnologiy. [Online]. Available: https://www.rbc.ru/politics/20/03/2024/65fa3ad79a7947f594c076d6. [Accessed: Dec. 11, 2023].
  • [19] RIA Novosti. (Feb. 22, 2017). Baluyevsky: Pobeda v informatsionnoi voine vazhnee, chem v klassicheskoi. [Online]. Available: https://ria.ru/20170222/1488611839.html. [Accessed: Nov. 27, 2023].
  • [20] V. Gerasimov, “Tsennost’ Nauki v Predvidenii,” Voenno-Promyshlenyi Kur’er, 27 Feb. 2013. [Online]. Available: http://www.vpk-news.ru/articles/14632. [Accessed: Nov. 27, 2023].
  • [21] S.G. Chekinov, S.A. Bogdanov, “Vliyaniye asimmetricheskikh deystviy na sovremennuyu bezopasnost’ Rossii,” Vestnik Akademii Voennykh Nauk, no. 1, pp. 46–53, 2010.
  • [22] S.A. Bogdanov, S.G. Chekinov, “Asimmetrichnye deistviya po obespecheniyu voennoi bezopasnosti Rossii,” Voennaya Mysl, no. 3, pp. 13–22, 2010.
  • [23] A. Barthosh. (Aug. 12, 2021). Gibridnaya, skrytnaya, nepredskazuyemaya, Nezavisimoye Voennoye Obozreniye. [Online]. Available: https://nvo.ng.ru/gpolit/2021-08-12/1_10_11_1153_hybrid.html. [Accessed: Dec. 15, 2023].
  • [24] A. Barthosh, “Informatsionno-psikhologicheskaya bor’ba obretaet novye sredstva,” Nezavisimoye Voennoe Obozreniye, 28 Sep. 2023. [Online]. Available: https://nvo.ng.ru/concepts/2023-09-28/1_1255_propaganda.html. [Accessed: Nov. 27, 2023].
  • [25] S.P. Rastorguev. (1999). Informatsionnaya voyna: Problemy I modeli. Moscow: Radio and Communication. [Online]. Available: https://community.apan.org›__key›docpreview-s. [Accessed: Nov. 27, 2023].
  • [26] B. DeWees, T.C. Pierce, E.J. Rokke, A. Tingle, “Toward a unified metric of kinetic and nonkinetic actions,” Joint Force Quarterly, no. 85, 2017. [Online]. Available: https://ndupress.ndu.edu/Portals/68/Documents/jfq/jfq-85/jfq-85_16-21_DeWees-et-al.pdf. [Accessed: Dec. 11, 2023].
  • [27] President of the Russian Federation. (Dec. 31, 2015). Strategiya natsional’noi bezopasnosti Rossiiskoi federatsii, Moscow: The Kremlin. [Online]. Available: https://rg.ru/documents/2015/12/31/nac-bezopasnost-site-dok.html. [Accessed: Dec. 15, 2023].
  • [28] I. Panarin, Informatsionnaya voyna i geopolitika [Information war and geopolitics], Moscow: Pokolenie, 2006.
  • [29] V.M. Burenok, E.V. Gorgola, S.F. Vykulov. (2015). Natsional’naya bezopasnost’ Rossii v epokhy setevykh voin, Moscow: Granitsa. [Online]. Available: https://sc.mil.ru/files/morf/military/archive/VIE-41.pdf. [Accessed: Nov. 27, 2023].
  • [30] V.V. Izonov, “On the issue of political mechanisms to counter external threats to Russia’ military security,” Nauka, Obshestvo, Oborona, vol. 6, no. 1, 2016. [Online]. Available: https://www.noo-journal.ru/nauka-obshestvo-oborona/2016-1-6/article-0059/. [Accessed: Dec. 11, 2023].
  • [31] A.V. Manoilo, “Informatsyonno-psikhologicheskaya voyna: Faktory, opredelayushchiye format sovremennogo vooruzhennogo konflikta.” Materials of the V International Scientific and Practical Conference on Information Technologies and Security, no. 8, Kyiv, 2005, pp. 73–80.
  • [32] S.P. Rastorguev, M.V. Litvinenko, Informatsionnye operatsii v seti internet. Moscow: ANO Tsentr Strategicheskikh Otsenok I Prognozov, 2014.
  • [33] A. Khramchikhin, “Novyi Sposob Vedeniya Voyn,” Voenno-Promyshlennyi Kur’er, 17 Feb. 2020. [Online]. Available: https://vpk.name/news/375164_novyi_sposob_vedeniya_boya.html. [Accessed: Dec. 15, 2023].
  • [34] S. Shandler, M.L. Gross, D. Canetti, “Cyberattacks, psychological distress, and military escalation: An internal meta-analysis,” Journal of Global Security Studies, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 1–19, 2023, doi: 10.1093/jogss/ogac042.
  • [35] A. Greenberg, “Hackers hit Macron with huge email leak ahead of French elections,” Wired, 05 May 2017. [Online]. Available: https://www.wired.com/2017/05/macron-email-hack-french-election/. [Accessed: Nov. 27, 2023].
  • [36] D.V. Gioe, “Cyber operations and useful fools: The approach of Russian hybrid intelligence,” Intelligence and National Security, vol. 33, no. 7, pp. 954–973, 2018, doi: 10.1080/02684527.2018.1479345.
  • [37] H. Tanriverdi, F. Flade, L. Frey. (Feb. 17, 2022). The elite hackers of the FSB. [Online]. Available: https://interaktiv.br.de/elite-hacker-fsb/en/index.html. [Accessed: Dec. 11, 2023].
  • [38] A. Soldatov, I. Borogan, “Kibersily Rossii: Kak eto rabotayet,” Agentura.ru, 2022. [Online]. Available: https://agentura.ru/investigations/kibersily-rossii-kakjeto-rabotaet/. [Accessed: Jan. 16, 2024].
  • [39] A. Scarsi, “Prigozhin’s corporate network ‘aims at destabilising’ the west with ‘information warfare’,” Daily Express, 26 Jul. 2023. [Online]. Available: https://www.express.co.uk/news/world/1795164/Yevgeny-Prigozhin-threat-westerndemocracies-information-warfare. [Accessed: Dec. 15, 2023].
  • [40] M. Simonyan, “Simonyan: Informatsiya kak oruzhye ispol’zuyetsya temi, kto imeet vozmozhnost’,” Rossiyskaya Gazeta, 03 Jul. 2013. [Online]. Available: https://rg.ru/2013/07/03/simonian.html. [Accessed: Jan. 9, 2024].
  • [41] J. Hakala, J. Melnychuk. (2021). Russia’s strategy in cyberspace, NATO Strategic Communications Centre of Excellence. [Online]. Available: https://stratcomcoe.org/cuploads/pfiles/Nato-Cyber-Report_11-06-2021-4f4ce.pdf. [Accessed: Nov. 27, 2023].
  • [42] A.S. Bowen, “Russian cyber units,” Congressional Research Service, 02 Feb. 2022. [Online]. Available: https://sgp.fas.org/crs/row/IF11718.pdf. [Accessed: Dec. 11, 2023].
  • [43] H. Warrell, M. Seddon, K. Manson, “Russia military unit accused of Georgia cyber attacks,” Financial Times, 24 Feb. 2020. [Online]. Available: https://www.ft.com/content/14377b84-53e3-11ea-90ad-25e377c0ee1f. [Accessed: Dec. 15, 2023].
  • [44] A. Troianovski, E. Nakashima, “Russia’s military intelligence agency became the covert muscle in Putin’s duels with the west,” The Washington Post, 27 Dec. 2018. [Online]. Available: https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/howrussias-military-intelligence-agency-became-the-covert-muscle-in-putinsduels-with-the-west/2018/12/27/2736bbe2-fb2d-11e8-8c9a-860ce2a8148f_story.html. [Accessed: Nov. 27, 2023].
  • [45] M. Roache, S. Tewa, A. Cadier, Ch. Labbe, V. Padovese, et al., “Russia-Ukraine disinformation tracking center: 470 websites spreading war disinformation and the top myths they publish,” Newsguard, 24 May 2024. [Online]. Available: https://www.newsguardtech.com/special-reports/russian-disinformationtracking-center/. [Accessed: Dec. 11, 2023].
  • [46] A. Greenberg, Sandworm: A new era of cyberwar and the hunt for Kremlin’s most dangerous hackers. New York, NY: DoubleDay, 2020.
  • [47] A. Greenberg, “This Is the new leader of Russia’s infamous sandworm hacking unit,” Wired, 15 Mar. 2023. [Online]. Available: https://www.wired.com/story/russia-gru-sandworm-serebriakov/. [Accessed: Dec. 11, 2023].
  • [48] J. Hultquist, “Sandworm team and the Ukrainian power authority attacks,” Mandiant, 07 Jan. 2016. [Online]. Available: https://www.mandiant.com/resources/blog/ukraine-and-sandworm-team. [Accessed: Jan. 16, 2024].
  • [49] United States Department of Justice. (Oct. 19, 2022). Six Russian GRU officers charged in connection with worldwide deployment of destructive malware and other disruptive actions in cyberspace. [Online]. Available: https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/six-russian-gru-officers-charged-connection-worldwide-deployment-destructive-malware-and. [Accessed: Jan. 9, 2024].
  • [50] D.E. Sanger, N. Perlroth, “Russian intelligence hackers are back, microsoft warns, aiming at officials of both parties,” The New York Times, 10 Sep. 2020. [Online]. Available: https://www.nytimes.com/2020/09/10/us/politics/russian-hackingmicrosoft-biden-trump.html. [Accessed: Dec. 11, 2023].
  • [51] J. Przetacznik, S. Tarpova. (Jun. 08, 2022). Russia’s war on Ukraine: Timeline of cyber-attacks. [Online]. Available: https://www.europarl.europa.eu/thinktank/en/document/EPRS_BRI(2022)733549. [Accessed: Dec. 15, 2023].
  • [52] M. Burgess, “A mysterious satellite hack has victims far beyond Ukraine,” Wired, 23 Mar. 2022. [Online]. Available: https://www.wired.com/story/viasat-internethack-ukraine-russia. [Accessed: Jan. 9, 2024].
  • [53] C. Albon, “Experts say Russia’s use of counterspace capabilities could make 2022 a ‘pivotal’ year for space security,” Defense News, 04 Apr. 2022. [Online]. Available: https://www.defensenews.com/battlefield-tech/space/2022/04/04/expertssay-russias-use-of-counterspace-capabilities-could-make-2022-a-pivotalyear-for-space-security/. [Accessed: Nov. 27, 2023].
  • [54] A.J. Vicens, “UK, EU, US formally blame Russia for Viasat satellite hack before Ukraine invasion,” Cyberscoop, 10 May 2022. [Online]. Available: https://cyberscoop.com/viasat-hack-russia-uk-eu-us-ukraine/. [Accessed: Dec. 11, 2023].
  • [55] V. Zhora. (May 18, 2022). How to ride a bear – Russian cyber posture and security implications, CyberSec Forum/Expo, Katowice, Poland. [Online]. Available: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lI7PQP_IcdA. [Accessed: Dec. 15, 2023].
  • [56] J. Bateman. (Dec. 16, 2022). Russia’s wartime cyber operations in Ukraine: Military impacts, influences, and implications, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Washington, DC, Paper. Available: https://carnegieendowment.org/research/2022/12/russias-wartime-cyber-operations-in-ukraine-militaryimpacts-influences-and-implications?lang=en&center=global [Accessed: Jan. 16, 2024].
  • [57] L. Collins, M. Kofman, J. Spencer, “The battle of Hostomel airport: A key moment in Russia’s defeat in Kyiv,” War on the Rocks, 10 Aug. 2023. [Online]. Available: https://warontherocks.com/2023/08/the-battle-of-hostomel-airport-a-keymoment-in-russias-defeat-in-kyiv/. [Accessed: Dec. 11, 2023].
  • [58] A. Molchanova, “V Provedenii IPsO Protiv Ukrainy Zadeystvovany GRU, FSB I Prigozhinskiye Trolli – Kak Oni Deistvuyut. Intervyu s Polkovnikom VSU,” Obozrevatel, 14 Dec. 2022. [Online]. Available: https://war.obozrevatel.com/polkovnik-vsu-taras-dzyuba-ipso-kak-rossiya-provodit-informatsionnyieoperatsii-protiv-ukrainyi.htm. [Accessed: Jan. 16, 2024].
  • [59] T. Simonite, “A Zelensky deepfake was quickly defeated. The next one might not be,” Wired, 17 Mar. 2022. [Online]. Available: https://www.wired.com/story/zelensky-deepfake-facebook-twitter-playbook/. [Accessed: Nov. 27, 2023].
  • [60] D. Black, G. Roncone, “The GRU’s disruptive playbook,” Mandiant, 12 Jul. 2023. [Online]. Available: https://www.mandiant.com/resources/blog/gru-disruptiveplaybook. [Accessed: Dec. 11, 2023].
  • [61] K. Proska, J. Wolfram, J. Wilson, D. Black, K. Lunden, et al., “Sandworm disrupts power in Ukraine using a novel attack against operational technology,” Mandiant, 09 Nov. 2023. [Online]. Available: https://www.mandiant.com/resources/blog/sandworm-disrupts-power-ukraine-operational-technology. [Accessed: Jan. 9, 2024].
  • [62] A. Greenberg, “Sandworm hackers caused another blackout in Ukraine–During a missile strikes,” Wired, 09 Nov. 2023. [Online]. Available: https://www.wired.com/story/sandworm-ukraine-third-blackout-cyberattack/. [Accessed: Jan. 16, 2024].
  • [63] J. Pearson, “Russian spies behind cyber attack on Ukraine power grid in 2022 – Researchers,” Reuters, 11 Nov. 2023. [Online]. Available: https://www.reuters.com/technology/cybersecurity/russian-spies-behind-cyberattack-ukrainianpower-grid-2022-researchers-2023-11-09/. [Accessed: Dec. 15, 2023].
  • [64] P. Muncaster, “Microsoft warns of destructive malware campaign targeting Ukraine,” Infosecurity Magazine, 17 Jan. 2022. [Online]. Available: https://www.infosecurity-magazine.com/news/microsoft-destructive-malware/. [Accessed: Dec. 11, 2023].
  • [65] Microsoft Threat Intelligence. (Jun. 14, 2023). Cadet Blizzard emerges as a novel and distinct Russian threat actor. [Online]. Available: https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/security/blog/2023/06/14/cadet-blizzard-emerges-as-a-novel-and-distinct-russian-threat-actor/. [Accessed: Nov. 27, 2023].
  • [66] A.J. Vincens, “Microsoft identifies new hacking unit within Russia’s military intelligence,” Cyberscoop, 14 Jun. 2023, [Online]. Available: https://cyberscoop.com/microsoft-gru-russia-ukraine-hacking/. [Accessed: Dec. 15, 2023].
  • [67] K. Giles, “Russian cyber and information warfare in practice,” Chatham House, 14 Dec. 2023. [Online]. Available: https://www.chathamhouse.org/2023/12/russian-cyber-and-information-warfare-practice. [Accessed: Jan. 9, 2024].
  • [68] RBC. (Nov. 1, 2023). Glava minzyfry podderzhal sozdaniye kibervoisk. [Online]. Available: https://www.rbc.ru/rbcfreenews/654224319a79471580f33da6. [Accessed: Jan. 16, 2024].
  • [69] V. Kiselev, A. Kostenko, “Kibervoyna kak Osnova Gibridnoi Operatsii,” Armeiskii Sbornik, vol. 11, no. 257, pp. 3–6, 2015. [Online]. Available: https://sc.mil.ru/files/morf/military/archive/AS_11_2015.pdf. [Accessed: Dec. 11, 2023].
  • [70] P.I. Antonovich, “O sushhnosti I soderzhanii kibervoyny,” Voennaya Mysl, no. 7, pp. 39–46, 2011.
  • [71] R. Hastings, “Why Russia’s cyber warfare has failed in Ukraine – But remains a threat to the UK,” I News, 16 Jun. 2023. [Online]. Available: https://inews.co.uk/news/technology/russia-cyber-warfare-failed-ukraine-threat-uk-2404924. [Accessed: Dec. 15, 2023].
  • [72] D. Vergun, “Partnering with Ukraine on cybersecurity paid off, leaders say,” DOD News, 03 Dec. 2022. [Online]. Available: https://www.defense.gov/News/NewsStories/Article/Article/3235376/partnering-with-ukraine-on-cybersecuritypaid-off-leaders-say/. [Accessed: Dec. 11, 2023].
  • [73] M. Kofman, R. Connolly, J. Edmonds, A. Kendall-Taylor, S. Bendett, “Assessing Russian state capacity to develop and deploy advanced military technology,” Center for a New American Security, 21 Oct. 2022. [Online]. Available: https://www.cnas.org/publications/reports/assessing-russian-state-capacity-to-developand-deploy-advanced-military-technology. [Accessed: Nov. 27, 2023].
  • [74] N. Eftimiades, “Small satellites: The implications for national security,” Atlantic Council, 05 May 2022. [Online]. Available: https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/in-depth-research-reports/report/small-satellites-the-implications-for-nationalsecurity/. [Accessed: Jan. 9, 2024].
  • [75] J. Pavur, I. Martinovich, “The cyber-ASAT: On the impact of cyber weapons in outer space,” IEEE Xplore, May 2019. [Online]. Available: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/8756904. [Accessed: Jan. 16, 2024].
  • [76] D.T. Burbach, “Early lessons from the Russia-Ukraine war as a space conflict,” Atlantic Council, 30 Aug. 2022. [Online]. Available: https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/content-series/airpower-after-ukraine/early-lessons-from-the-russiaukraine-war-as-a-space-conflict/. [Accessed: Dec. 11, 2023].
  • [77] J. Menn, “Cyberattack knocks out satellite communications for Russian military,” Washington Post, 30 Jun. 2023. [Online]. Available: https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2023/06/30/satellite-hacked-russian-military/. [Accessed: Jan. 9, 2024].
  • [78] E. Howell, “Elon Musk says Russia is ramping up cyberattacks on SpaceX’s Starlink systems in Ukraine,” Space, 14 Oct. 2022. [Online]. Available: https://www.space.com/starlink-russian-cyberattacks-ramp-up-efforts-elon-musk. [Accessed: Nov. 27, 2023].
  • [79] European Space Policy Institute. (Oct. 10, 2022). The war in Ukraine from a space cybersecurity perspective. [Online]. Available: https://www.espi.or.at/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/ESPI-Short-1-Final-Report.pdf. [Accessed: Dec. 11, 2023].
  • [80] D. Goward, “Why isn’t Russia doing more to jam GPS in Ukraine?”, C4ISRNET, 22 Jul. 2022. [Online]. Available: https://www.c4isrnet.com/opinion/2022/07/22/why-isnt-russia-jamming-gps-harder-in-ukraine/. [Accessed: Dec. 15, 2023].
  • [81] R. Thomas, “Russian aggression shows the west’s GNSS weakness,” Army Technology, 19 Aug. 2022. [Online]. Available: https://www.army-technology.com/interviews/russian-aggression-shows-the-wests-gnss-weakness/. [Accessed: Jan. 9, 2024].
  • [82] A.R. Sarkar, “China building cyber weapons to ‘seize control’ of enemy satellites, says leaked CIA report,” The Independent, 21 Apr. 2023. [Online]. Available: https://www.independent.co.uk/asia/china/cyber-weapon-satellite-cia-reportb2324222.html. [Accessed: Nov. 27, 2023].
  • [83] R. Thornton, M. Miron, “Towards the ‘third revolution in military affairs’: The Russian military’s use of AI-enhanced cyber warfare,” RUSI Journal, vol. 165, no. 3, pp. 12-21, 2020, doi: 10.1080/03071847.2020.1765514 [Online]. Available: https://rusi.org/publication/rusi-journal/towards-%E2%80%98thirdrevolution-military-affairs%E2%80%99-russian-military%E2%80%99s-use-ai. [Accessed: Jan. 16, 2024].
  • [84] L. Hay Newman, “AI-generated voice deepfakes aren’t scary good – Yet,” Wired, 15 Mar. 2023. [Online]. Available: https://www.wired.com/story/ai-voice-deepfakes/. [Accessed: Jan. 9, 2024].
Uwagi
Opracowanie rekordu ze środków MNiSW, umowa nr POPUL/SP/0154/2024/02 w ramach programu "Społeczna odpowiedzialność nauki II" - moduł: Popularyzacja nauki (2025).
Typ dokumentu
Bibliografia
Identyfikator YADDA
bwmeta1.element.baztech-6c0541e6-8202-42e1-9336-3208e569b9e4
JavaScript jest wyłączony w Twojej przeglądarce internetowej. Włącz go, a następnie odśwież stronę, aby móc w pełni z niej korzystać.