Revision of the trace fossil Megagrapton Książkiewicz, 1968 with focus on Megagrapton aequale Seilacher, 1977 from the lower Eocene of the Lesser Caucasus in Georgia

• Autorzy: Uchman Alfred , Lebanidze Zurab , Beridze Tamar , Kobakhidze Nino , Lobzhanidze Koba , Khutsishvili Sophio , Chagelishvili Rusudan , Makadze Davit , Koiava Kakha , Khundadze Nino

Identyfikatory

DOI

10.7306/gq.1640

• Języki publikacji: EN

Abstrakty

EN

Megagrapton Książkiewicz, 1968 is a characteristic deep-sea trace fossil belonging to the group of graphoglyptids and mostly preserved as a network of irregular meshes in hypichnial semirelief. So far, eleven ichnospecies have been distinguished under this ichnogenus, though commonly on weak evidence. The so-far poorly known ichnospecies Megagrapton aequale Seilacher, 1977 is described here on the basis of the numerous, newly discovered specimens from deep-sea siliciclastic deposits of the Bolevani Subsuite (lower Eocene) in the Lesser Caucasus of Georgia, together with other collections and published examples. A neotype of this ichnospecies is designated and the diagnosis emended. M. aequale occurs in lower Cambrian to upper Miocene deep-sea turbiditic deposits, mostly in the Paleogene. It is characterized by relatively small, variable meshes, which have mostly irregular sub-pentagonal, sub-hexagonal or sub-heptagonal shapes that are variable in size and are bordered by curved or straight semicircular ridges. It has been mistaken for Paleodictyon, which forms regular hexagonal nets. Paleodictyon imperfectum Seilacher, 1977 is included in M. aequale as the ichnosubspecies M. a. imperfectum, which is characterized by relatively thin bordering ridges. After critical analysis of all ichnospecies, only M. irregulare Książkiewicz, 1968, M. submontanum (Azpeitia Moros, 1933), and M. aequale are recommended for further use. These are distinguished on the basis of the prevailing morphology of the meshes, irrespective of large differences in morphometric parameters within the ichnospecies. Irredictyon chaos Vialov, 1972 is included in M. irregulare as the ichnosubspecies M. i. chaos, which is characterized by relatively thick bordering ridges. Megagrapton is interpreted as a cast of a subsurface open burrow network with a few connections to the sea floor. The burrows probably functioned as a trap for small organisms (ethological subcategory irretichnia).

Słowa kluczowe

EN

ichnology; flysch; ichnotaxonomy; graphoglyptids; Palaeogene

• Wydawca: Państwowy Instytut Geologiczny - Państwowy Instytut Badawczy
• Czasopismo: Geological Quarterly
• Rocznik: 2022
• Tom: Vol. 66, No. 1
• Strony: art. no. 8
• Opis fizyczny: Bibliogr. 97 poz.,map., rys., tab., wykr.

Twórcy

autor

Uchman Alfred

• Jagiellonian University, Institute of Geological Sciences, Gronostajowa 3a, 30-387 Kraków, Poland

autor

Lebanidze Zurab

• Iv. Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences, University 13, 0186 Tbilisi, Georgia

autor

Beridze Tamar

• Iv. Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Alexander Janelidze Institute of Geology, Politkovskaia 31, 0186 Tbilisi, Georgia

autor

Kobakhidze Nino

• Iv. Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Alexander Janelidze Institute of Geology, Politkovskaia 31, 0186 Tbilisi, Georgia

autor

Lobzhanidze Koba

• Iv. Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Alexander Janelidze Institute of Geology, Politkovskaia 31, 0186 Tbilisi, Georgia

autor

Khutsishvili Sophio

• Iv. Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Alexander Janelidze Institute of Geology, Politkovskaia 31, 0186 Tbilisi, Georgia

autor

Chagelishvili Rusudan

• Department of Geology and Paleontology, Georgian National Museum, 3, Purtseladze, 0105 Tbilisi, Georgia

autor

Makadze Davit

autor

Koiava Kakha

• Iv. Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences, University 13, 0186 Tbilisi, Georgia

autor

Khundadze Nino

• Department of Geology and Paleontology, Georgian National Museum, 3, Purtseladze, 0105 Tbilisi, Georgia

Bibliografia

• 1. Adamia, S. ed., 2004. Geological Map of Georgia (scale 1:500.000). Georgian Department of Geology, Union Geo-Eco, Tbilisi, Georgia.
• 2. Adamia, S., Zakariadze, G., Lordkipanidze, M., Salukvadze, G., 1974. The geological structure of Achara (in Russian). In: Problems of the Geology of the Achara-Trialeti (eds. P. Gamkrelidze and M. Rubinshtein). Proceedings of the Institute of Geology of the Academy of Sciences of the GSSR, “Metsniereba”, Tbilisi, 44: 60-69.
• 3. Adamia, S., Alania, V., Ananiashvili, G., Bombolakis, E., Chichua, G., Girshiashvili, D., Martin, R., Tatarashvili, L., 2002. Late Mesozoic-Cenozoic geodynamic evolution of the eastern Georgian oil-gas bearing basins. Geologica Carpathica, 53: 155-159.
• 4. Adamia, S., Alania, V., Chabukiani, A., Chagelishvili, R., Enukidze, O, Jaoshvili, G., Razmadze, A., Sadradze, N., 2011. Tectonic setting of Georgia (Caucasus). In: Abstracts of 3rd International Symposium on the Geology of the Black Sea Region. Bucharest, Romania (eds. G. Oaie, A. Seghedi, V. Yanko-Hombach, B. Popescu, M. Micu and N. Panin). Supplement to Geo-Eko-Marina, 17: 11-13.
• 5. Adamia, S., Chkhotua, T., Gavtadze, T., Lebanidze, Z., Lurs - manashvili, N., Sadradze, N., Zakaraia, D., Zakariadze, G., 2015. Tectonic setting of Georgia-Eastern Black Sea: a review. Geological Society Special Publications, 428: 10-40.
• 6. Adserá, P., Belaústegui, Z., Uchman, A., 2020. Estrellichnus jacaensis from the Eocene Jaca Basin (NE Spain): new locality and new ethological interpretation. Lethaia, 53: 129-143.
• 7. Alania, V., Chabukiani, A., Chagelishvili, R., Enukidze, O., Gogrichiani, K., Razmadze, A., Tsereteli, N., 2017. Growth structures, piggyback basins and growth strata of Georgian part of Kura foreland fold and thrust belt: implication for Late Alpine kinematic evolution. Geological Society Special Publications, 428: 171-185.
• 8. Alania, V., Kvavadze, N., Enukidze, O., Beridze, T., Gventsadze, A., Tevzadze, N., 2021. Seismic interpretation of southern part of the eastern Achara-Trialeti Fold-and-Thrust Belt, Georgia. Bulletin of the Georgian National Academy of Sciences, 15: 57-62.
• 9. Azpeitia Moros, F., 1933. Datos para el estudio paleontlógico del Flysch de la Costa Cantábrica y de algunos otros puntos de Espaňa. Boletín del Instituto Geologico y Minero de Espaňa, 53: 1-65.
• 10. Banks, C., Robinson, A.G., Williams, M., 1997. Structure and regional tectonics of the Achara-Trialeti fold belt and the adjacent Rioni and Kartli foreland bas ins, Republic of Georgia. AAPG Memoir, 68: 331-346.
• 11. Beradze, R., Gamrekeli, G., Bandzava, D., Kavtaradze, S., Areshidze, R., Labadze, I., Zhgenti, A., Geguchadze, L., Lebanidze, Z., Sabanadze, M., Sagiridze, L., 1985. Report (#16838) of the Trialeti geological-prospecting party about 1:25 000 scale mapping within the sheets K-38-75-E-B,r and K-38-75-T-a,8 (the central part of the Achara-Trialeti economic region) on the basis of conducted works in 1982-1985, Geological-Geophysical expedition for regional exploration, Trialetian geological mapping party, Geological Department of the Ministry of Geology of the Georgian SSR, Tbilisi, 1-400 (in Russian). Catalogue of the geological fund [archive] of the National Agency of Mineral Resources, Georgia, https://namgeofund.archivalservices.gov.ge/geofond/item_detailed/6967
• 12. Beridze, T., 2019. Middle Eocene submarine mass-transport deposits of Tbilisi environs (eastern Achara-Trialeti fold and thrust belt, Georgia). In: Sedimentology to face societal challenges on risk, resources and record of the past. 34th International Meeting of Sedimentology, Rome 10-12 September, 2019, Abstract Book. Sapienza Universita di Roma. Session 7 F-476.
• 13. Beridze, T., Lebanidze, Z., Uchman, A., Lobzhanidze, K., Khutsishvili, S., Chagelishvili, R., Kobakhidze, N., Makadze, D., Khundadze, N., Koiava, K., 2021. Ichnological-sedimentological indicators of deep-sea environment in Lower Eocene deposits of the Borjomi region (Georgia). In: 35th Meeting of Sedimentology: Prague, Czech Republic, 21-25 June 2021, Book of Abstracts (eds. O. Bábek and S. Vodrážková): 55. Palacký University of Olomouc, Olomouc.
• 14. Buatois, L.A., Mángano, M.G., Sylvester, Z., 2001. A diverse deep-marine ichnofauna from the Eocene Tarcau Sandstone of the eastern Carpathians, Romania. Ichnos, 8: 23-62.
• 15. Crimes, T.P., 1977. Trace fossils of an Eocene deep-sea fan, northern Spain. Geological Journal Special Issue, 9: 71-90.
• 16. Crimes, T.P., McCall, G.J.H., 1995. A diverse ichnofauna from Eocene-Miocene rocks of the Makran Range (S.E. Iran). Ichnos, 3: 231-258.
• 17. Cummings, J.P., Hodgson, D.M., 2011. Assessing controls on the distribution of ichnotaxa in submarine fan environments, the Basque Basin, Northern Spain. Sedimentary Geology, 239: 162-187.
• 18. D'Alessandro, A., 1981. Processi tafonomici e distribuzione delle trace fossili nel flysch di Gorgolione (Appennino Meridionale). Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia, 87: 511-560.
• 19. Demircan, H., Uchman, A., 2016. Ichnology of prodelta deposits of the Mezardere Formation (late Eocene-early Oligocene) in the Gökçeada island, western Turkey. Geodinamica Acta, 28: 86-100.
• 20. Demircan, H., Görmüş, M., 2020. Ichnology of Upper Cretaceous-lower Palaeogene deep-sea deposits in the Haymana Basin of Central Anatolia. Annales Societatis Geologorum, 90: 463-493.
• 21. Ekdale, A.A., 1985. Paleoecology of the marine endobenthos. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 50: 63-81.
• 22. Ekdale, A., Gibert, J.M., 2014. Late Miocene deep-sea trace fossil associations in the Vera Basin, Almería, Southeastern Spain. Spanish Journal of Palaeontology, 29: 95-104.
• 23. Fuchs, T., 1895. Studien über Fucoiden und Hieroglyphen. Denkschriften der k.k. Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, mathematisch-naturwissenschaftliche Classe, 62: 369-448.
• 24. Gamkrelidze, P., 1949. Geological structure of the Adjara-Trialetian folded system (in Russian). Academy of Sciences of Georgia Press, Tbilisi.
• 25. Gamkrelidze, P. ed., 1964. Geology of the USSR. Georgian SSR (in Russian). Nedra, Moscow.
• 26. Geinitz, H.B., 1867. Die organischen Überreste im Dachschiefer von Wurzbach bei Lobenstein. Nova Acta Academiae Caesarea Leopoldino-Carolinae, Germanicae Naturae Curiosorum, 33: 1-24.
• 27. Ghare, M.A., Badve, R.M., 1977. Trace fossils from the Vindhayans of Chambal Valley. Biovigyanam, 3: 205-215.
• 28. Göppert, H.R., 1842. Über die fossile Flora der Quadersandstein formation in Schlesien, als erster Beitrag zur Flora der Tertiärgebilde. Nova Acta Academiae Caesarea Leopoldino-Carolinae, Germanicae Naturae Curiosorum, 19: 97-134,
• 29. Häntzschel, W., 1975. Trace fossils and problematica. In: Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, part W, Miscellanea, Supplement I (ed. C. Teichert): W1-W269. Geological Society of America, Boulder (Colorado), and University of Kansas, Lawrence (Kansas).
• 30. Heard, T.G., Pickering, K.T., 2008. Trace fossils as diagnostic indicators of deep-marine environments, middle Eocene Ainsa - Jaca basin, Spanish Pyrenees. Sedimentology, 55: 809-844.
• 31. Kappel, J., 2003. Ichnofossilien im Campanium des SE-Münsterlands. Münsterische Forschungen zur Geologie und Paläontologie, 96: 1-163.
• 32. Khaidam, K.S., Rajkumar, H.S., Soibam, I., 2015. Attribute of trace fossils of Laisong flysch sediments, Manipur, India. Journal of Earth System Science, 124: 1085-1113.
• 33. Kim, Y.-Y., Seo, Y.-S., Park, S.-I., 1992. Trace fossils from the Yeongheung Formation, Yeongweol, Korea. The Journal of the Korean Earth Science Society, 13: 313-326.
• 34. Kozur, H.W., Krainer, K., Mostler, H., 1996. Ichnology and sedimentology of the Early Permian deep-water deposits from the Lercara-Roccapalumba area (western Sicily, Italy). Facies, 34: 123-150.
• 35. Kilibarda, Z., Schassburger, A., 2018. A diverse deep-sea trace fossil assemblage from the Adriatic Flysch Formation (middle Eocene-middle Miocene), Montenegro (central Mediterranean. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 506: 112-127.
• 36. Krawczyk, A.J., Słomka, T., 1981. Trace-fossil Paleodictyon from the Szlachtowa Formation (?Upper Toarcian-Lower Aalenian of the Pieniny Klippen Belt, Poland) (in Polish with English summary). Studia Geologica Polonica, 70: 67-71.
• 37. Książkiewicz, M., 1958. Stratigraphy of the Magura Series in the Średni Beskid (Carpathians) (in Polish with English summary). Biuletyn Instytutu Geologicznego, 153: 43-96.
• 38. Książkiewicz, M., 1968. On some problematic organic traces from the Flysch of the Polish Carpathians. Part 3 (in Polish with English summary). Rocznik Polskiego Towarzystwa Geologicznego, 38: 3-17.
• 39. Książkiewicz, M., 1977. Trace fossils in the Flysch of the Polish Carpathians. Palaeontologia Polonica, 36: 1-208.
• 40. Lebanidze, Z., Beridze, T., Kobakhidze, N., Khutsishvili, S., Chagelishvili, R., Koiava, K., Khundadze, N., Uchman, A., 2019. Trace fossils in Paleocene-Lower Eocene deep-sea sediments (“Borjomi Flysch”) of the Achara-Trialeti Fold-Thrust Belt. In: Sedimentology to face societal challenges on risk, resources and record of the pas, 34th International Meeting of Sedimentology, Rome 10-12 September, 2019, Abstract Book. Sapienza Universita di Roma. Session 8.A-346.
• 41. Lehane, J.R., Ekdale, A.A., 2013. Pitfalls, traps, and webs in ichnology: traces and trace fossils of an understudied behavioral strategy. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 375: 59-69.
• 42. Leszczyński, S., 1991. Ichnocoenosis versus sediment colour in Upper Albian to lower Eocene turbidites, Guipúzcoan province, northern Spain. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 100: 251-265.
• 43. López Cabrera, M.I., Olivero, E.B., 2014. Ophiomorpha irregulaire and associated trace fossils from the Upper Cretaceous of Patagonia, Argentina: palaeogeographical and ethological significance. Spanish Journal of Palaeontology, 29: 33-44.
• 44. López Cabrera, M.I., Olivero, E.B., Carmona, N.B., Ponce, J.J., 2008. Cenozoic trace fossils of the Cruziana, Zoophycos and Nereites ichnofacies from the Fuegian Andes, Argentina. Ameghiniana, 45: 377-392.
• 45. Lordkipanidze, M., Meliksetian, B., Djarbashian, R., 1989. Mesozoic-Cenozoic magmatic evolution of the Pontian Crimean-Caucasian region. Mémoires de la Société géologique de France, Nouvelle Série, 154: 103-124.
• 46. Luo, M., Shi, G.R., Hu, S., Benton, M.J., Chen, Z.-Q., Huang, J., Zhang, Q., Zhou, C., Wen, W., 2019. Early Middle Triassic trace fossils from the Luoping Biota, southwestern China: evidence of recovery from mass extinction. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 515: 6-22.
• 47. Macsotay, O., 1967. Huellas problemáticas y su valor paleoecológico en Venezuela. GEOS Revista Venezoelana de Ciencias de la Terra, 16: 7-39.
• 48. Madon, M., 2021. Deep-sea trace fossils in the West Crocker Formation, Sabah (Malaysia), and their palaeoenvironmental significance. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Malaysia, 71: 23-46.
• 49. Marinčić, S., Šparica, M., Tunis, G., Uchman, A., 1996. The Eocene flysch deposits of the Istrian Peninsula in Croatia and Slovenia: regional, stratigraphic, sedimentological and ichnological analyses. Annales for Istrian and Mediterranean Studies, 9: 139-156.
• 50. Miller, W., III, 1988. Giant Bathysiphon (Foraminiferida) from Cretaceous turbidites, Northern California. Lethaia, 21: 363-374.
• 51. Mikuláš, R., Lehotský, T., Bábek, O., 2004. Trace fossils of the Moravice Formation from the southern Nízký Jeseník Mts. (Lower Carboniferous, Culm facies; Moravia, Czech Republic). Bulletin of Geosciences, 79: 81-98.
• 52. Monaco, P., 2008. Taphonomic features of Paleodictyon and other graphoglyptid trace fossils in Oligo-Miocene thin-bedded turbidites, Northern Apennines, Italy. Palaios, 23: 667-682.
• 53. Monaco, P., Milighetti, M., Checconi, A., 2010. Ichnocoenosis in the Oligocene to Miocene foredeep basins (Northern Apennines, central Italy) and their relation to turbidite deposition. Acta Geologica Polonica, 60: 53-70.
• 54. Monaco, P., Trecci, T., 2014. Ichnocoenoses in the Macigno turbidite basin system, Lower Miocene, Trasimeno (Umbrian Apennines, Italy). Italian Journal of Geosciences, 133: 116-130.
• 55. Nadareishvili, G., 1999. Cretaceous volcanic formations of Georgia (in Russian). Proceedings of the Geological Institution of the Academy of Sciences of GSRR, 114: 79-194.
• 56. Nielsen, J.K., Görmüş, M., Uysal, K., Kanbur, S., 2010. First records of trace fossils from the Lake District, southwestern Turkey. Bulletin of Geosciences, 85: 691-708.
• 57. Obruchev, S., 1923. Geological assay on Borjomi (in Russian). Trudy Instituta Prikladnoy Mineralogii i Petrografii, vypusk 1: 104.
• 58. Orłowski, S., 1968. Cambrian of the Łysogóry Anticline in the Holy Cross Moun tains (in Polish with English summary). Biuletyn Geologiczny, 10: 195-221.
• 59. Pacześna, J., 1985. Ichnogenus Paleodictyon Meneghini from the Lower Cambrian of Zbilutka (Góry Świętokrzyskie Mts) (in Polish with English summary). Kwartalnik Geologiczny, 29 (3/4): 589-596.
• 60. Papava, D., 1966. Geologi cal structure of the eastern area of the Trialethi Ridge (in relation to perspectives of oil-gas content) (in Russian). Thesis for the degree of candidate of geological and mineralogical sciences. Geological Institute of the Academy of Sciences of GSSR, Ministry of Oil Industry of the USSR, Trust “Gruzneft”, Tbilisi.
• 61. Pfeiffer, H., 1968. Die Spurenfossilien des Kulms (Dinants) und Devons der Frankenwälder Querzone (Thüringen). Jahrbuch der Geologie, 2: 651-717.
• 62. Pickerill, R.K., Fyffe, L.R., Forbes, W.H., 1988. Late Ordovician Early Silurian trace fossils from the Matapedia Group, Tobique River, western New Brunswick, Canada. II. Additional discoveries with descriptions and comments. Maritime Sediments and Atlantic Geology, 24: 139-148.
• 63. Pickering, J.T., Corregidor, I., 2005. Mass transport complexes and tectonic control on confined basin-floor submarine fans, Middle Eocene, south Spanish Pyrenees. Geological Society Special Publications, 244: 51-74.
• 64. Rodríguez-Tovar, F.J., Uchman, A., Payros, A., Orue-Etxebarria, X., Apellaniz, E., Molina, E., 2010. Sea-level dynamics and palaeoecological factors affecting trace fossil distribution in Eocene turbiditic deposits (Gorrondatxe section, N Spain). Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 285: 50-65.
• 65. Rodríguez-Tovar, F.J., Pińuela, L., García-Ramos, J.C., 2016. Trace fossils assemblages from the Cenozoic “Flysch Units” of the Campo de Gibraltar Complex (southern Spain). Ichnos, 23: 53-70.
• 66. Sabhaya, M.B., Patel, R.A., Solanki, P.M., 2021. Palaeoichnology of Jurassic sequence of Jara Dome, Kachchh, western India. Science, Technology and Development, 10: 41-50.
• 67. Sacco, F., 1888. Note di paleoicnologia italiana. Atti della Societá Italiana di Scienze Naturali, 31: 151-192.
• 68. Sacco, F., 1939. Paleodictyon. Memorie della Reale Accademia delle Scienze di Torino, 69: 267-286.
• 69. Savi, P., Meneghini, G.G., 1850. Osservazioni stratigrafiche e paleontologische concernati la geologia della Toscana e dei paesi limitrofi. - Appendix. In: Memoria sulla struttura geologica delle Alpi, degli Apennini e dei Carpazi (ed. R.I. Murchison): 246-528. Stamperia granducale, Firenze.
• 70. Sedgwick, A., 1848. On the organic remains found in the Skiddaw Slate, with some remarks on the classification of the older rocks of Cumberland and Westmoreland. The Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London, 4: 216-335.
• 71. Seilacher, A., 1977. Pattern analysis of Paleodictyon and related trace fossils. Geological Journal, Special Issue, 9: 289-334. Simpson, F., 1969. Interfacial assemblages of foraminifera in the Carpathian Flysch. Rocznik Polskiego Towarzystwa Geologicznego, 39: 471-486.
• 72. Stepanek, J., Geyer, G., 1989. Spurenfossilien aus dem Kulm (Unterkarbon) des Frankenwaldes. Beringeria, 1: 1-55.
• 73. Schweigert, G., 1998. Die Spurenfauna des Nusplinger Plattenkalks (Oberjura, Schwäbische Alb). Stuttgarter Beiträge zur Naturkunde, Serie B (Geologie und Paläontologie), 262: 1-47.
• 74. Sosson, M., Stephenson, S., Sheremet, Y., Rolland, Y., Adamia, S., Melkonian, R., Kangarli, T., Yegorova, T., Avagyan, A., Galoyan, G., Danelian, T., Hässig, M., Meijers, M., Müller, C., Sahakyan, L., Sadradze, N., Alania, V., Enukidze, O., Mosar, J., 2016. The Eastern Black Sea-Caucasus region during Cretaceous: new evidence to constrain its tectonic evolution. Comptes Rendus Geosciences, 348: 23-32.
• 75. The International Code of ZoologicalNomenclature, 1999. The International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature 1999; https://www.iczn.org/the-code/the-code-online/
• 76. Tunis, G., Uchman, A., 1996a. Trace fossil and facies changes in the Upper Cretaceous-Middle Eocene flysch deposits of the Julian Prealps (Italy and Slovenia): consequences of regional and world-wide changes. Ichnos, 4: 169-190.
• 77. Tunis, G., Uchman, A., 1996b. Ichnology of the Eocene flysch deposits in the Istria peninsula, Croatia and Slovenia. Ichnos, 5: 1-22.
• 78. Uchman, A., 1995. Taxonomy and palaeoecology of flysch trace fossils: the Marnoso-arenacea Formation and associated facies (Miocene, Northern Apennines, Italy). Beringeria, 15: 3-115.
• 79. Uchman, A., 1998. Taxonomy and ethology of flysch trace fossils: a revision of the Marian Książkiewicz collection and stud ies of complementary material. Annales Societatis Geologorum Poloniae, 68: 105-218.
• 80. Uchman, A., 2001. Eocene flysch trace fossils from the Hecho Group of the Pyrenees, northern Spain. Beringeria, 28: 3-41.
• 81. Uchman, A., 2009. The Ophiomorpha rudis ichnosubfacies of the Nereites ichnofacies: characteristics and constraints. Palaeoge- ography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 276: 107-119.
• 82. Uchman, A., Wetzel, A., 2012. Deep-sea fans. Developments in Sedimentology, 64: 643-671.
• 83. Uchman, A., Hanken, N.-M., Binns, R., 2005. Ordovician bathyal trace fossils from metasiliciclastics in central Norway and their sedimentological and paleogeographical implications. Ichnos, 12: 105-133.
• 84. Uchman, A., Lebanidze, Z., Beridze, T., Kobakhidze, N., Lobzhanidze, K., Khutsishvili, S., Chagelishvili, R., Makadze, D., Koiava, K., Khundadze, N., 2020. Abundant trace fossil Polykampton in Palaeogene deep-sea flysch deposits of the Lesser Caucasus in Georgia: palaeoecological and palaeo- environmental implications. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 558: 109958.
• 85. Vass, D., 1971. Présence de Paleodictyon (Problematica) dans le Numidien de la Tunisie septentrionale. Notes Service Géologique de Tunisie, 34: 47-52.
• 86. Vialov, O.S., 1972. Bioglify iz paleogena Dagestana (in Russian). Paleontologicheskiy Sbornik, 9: 75-80.
• 87. Warchoł, M., Leszczyński, S., 2009. Trace fossils from Silurian and Devonian turbidites of the Chauvay area, southern Tien Shan, Kyrgyzstan. Annales Societatis Geologorum Poloniae, 79: 1-11.
• 88. Wetzel, A., Blechschmidt, I., Uchman, A., Matter, A., 2007. A highly diverse ichnofauna in Late Triassic deep-sea fan deposits of Oman. Palaios, 22: 567-576.
• 89. Wetzel, A., Uchman, A., 1997. Ichnology of deep-sea fan overbank deposits of the Ganei Slates (Eocene, Switzerland) - a classical flysch trace fossil locality studied first by Oswald Heer. Ichnos, 5: 139-162.
• 90. Wilson, R.D., Schieber, J., Stewart, C.J., 2021. The discovery of widespread agrichnia traces in Devonian black shales of North America: another chapter in the evolving understanding of a “not so anoxic” ancient sea. PalZ (Paläontologische Zeitschrift), 95: 661-681.
• 91. Yang, S., Song, Z., 1985. Middle-Upper Triassic trace fossils from Zhada, Ngari, southwest Xizang (Tibet), and its geologic significance. Geology of Xizang (Tibet Geology), 1: 1-14.
• 92. Yang, S., Zhang, J., Yang, M., 2004. Trace Fossils of China. Beijing.
• 93. Yilmaz, A., Adamia, S., Lordkipanidze, M., Yilmaz, T., Kurt, I., Abesadze, G., Lazarashvili, T., Beradze, R., Nadirashvili, R., Kuloshvili, S., Salukvadze, N., Özkan, M., 2001. A study of tectonic units of the area along Turkish-Georgian border. In: Geological Studies of the Area Along Turkish-Georgian Border (eds. A. Yilmaz, T. Engin, S. Adamia and T. Lazarashvili). State Department of Geology - Georgia, Geological Institute of the Academia of Sciences-Georgia, Ankara.
• 94. Zakariadze, G., Dilek, Y., Adamia, S., Oberhänsli, R., Karpenko, S., Bazylev, B., Solov'eva, N., 2007. Geochemistry and geochronology of the Neoproterozoic Pan-African Transcaucasian Massif (Republic of Georgia) and implications for island-arc evolution of the late Precambrian Arabian-Nubian Shield. Gondwana Research, 11: 92-108.
• 95. Zakariadze, G., Karamata, S., Korikovsky, S., Ariskin, A., Adamia, S., Chkhotua, T., Sergeev, S., Solov'eva, N., 2012. The Early-Middle Paleozoic oceanic events along the southern European margin: the Deli Jovan Ophiolite Massif (NE Serbia) and paleooceanic zones of the Great Caucasus. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences, 21: 635-668.
• 96. Zayats, P.P., Nazarenko, O.V., Ruban, D.A., 2015. New findings of ichnofossils in the Bagovskaya Formation (Lower Jurassic) of the Western Caucasus. Izvestya Vysshikh Uchebnikh Zaviedenyi, Geologia i Razvedka, 5: 82-85.
• 97. Zhang, X., Shi, G.R., Gong, Y., 2008. Middle Jurassic trace fossils from the Ridang Formation in Sajia County, South Tibet, and their palaeoenvironmental significance. Facies, 54: 45-60.

Uwagi

Opracowanie rekordu ze środków MEiN, umowa nr SONP/SP/546092/2022 w ramach programu "Społeczna odpowiedzialność nauki" - moduł: Popularyzacja nauki i promocja sportu (2022-2023).