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The main aim of this article is to examine how the issue of protecting critical infrastructure is addressed in Norway. To answer this question, the article addresses two important sub-questions – what is to be understood in the current historical and the specific Norwegian context as important elements of national critical infrastructure and what is the current understanding of risks and threats that this infrastructure should be protected against? This article is based on a detailed quantitative and qualitative examination of the official Norwegian documents and statements on questions related to various aspects of protecting critical infrastructure in Norway. In section one, structural factors that have played a major part in shaping Norwegian thinking about critical infrastructure are discussed. Section two provides a short summary of the current discussion on elements of critical infrastructure in Norway. In section three, the article discusses official Norwegian perceptions of threats and how they address questions related to critical infrastructure. The fourth section looks at the current official approach to protection of critical infrastructure in the country. The process of building the existing system for protecting critical infrastructure in Norway has been driven by both domestic and international concerns. The system should make it possible for citizens to meet their needs through access to various important societal functions, but it also needs to make it possible to address challenges that stem from the international environment.
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Czasopismo
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Tom
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45--62
Opis fizyczny
Bibliogr. 49 poz., tab.
Twórcy
autor
- RAIT, Norwegian Institute of International Affairs NUPI, CJ Hambros plass 2 D, 0130, Oslo, Norway
Bibliografia
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- 2. Austvik, O.G. (2019) ‘Norway: small state in the Great European Energy Game’, in J.M. Godzimirski (ed.), New political economy of energy in Europe: power to project, power to adapt. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 139–164.
- 3. Brunner, E.M. and Suter, M. (2009) ‘International CIIP handbook 2008 / 2009’, in An inventory of 25 national and 7 international critical information infrastructure protection policies. Zurich: Center for Security Studies ETH. Available at: https://css.ethz.ch/content/da... (Accessed: 10 July 2021).
- 4. Collier, S.J. and Lakoff, A. (2021) The government of emergency: vital systems, expertise, and the politics of security. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
- 5. DSB The Norwegian Directorate for Civil Protection (2012) Sikkerhet i kritisk infrastruktur og kritiske samfunnsfunksjoner – modell for overordnet risikostyring (Security in critical infrastructure and critical social functions – model for general risk managment). Tønsberg: DSB. Available at: https://www.dsb.no/globalasset... (Accessed: 28 September 2020).
- 6. DSB The Norwegian Directorate for Civil Protection (2017) Vital functions in society. What functional capabilities must society maintain at all times? Tønsberg: DSB Norwegian Directorate for Civil Protection. Available at: https://www.dsb.no/globalasset... (Accessed: 26 September 2020).
- 7. DSB The Norwegian Directorate for Civil Protection (2020a) Risikostyring i digitale verdikjeder. Rapport fra en arbeidsgruppe ledet av professor Olav Lysne (Risk managment in digital value chains). Tønsberg: DSB. The Norwegian Directorate for Civil Protection. Available at: https://www.dsb.no/globalasset... (Accessed: 23 May 2021).
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- 9. Endregard, M. (2019) ‘Totalforsvaret i et sivilt perspektiv’, in P. Norheim-Martinsen (ed.), Det nye totalforsvaret. Oslo: Gyldendal, pp. 62–80.
- 10. Endregard, M. (2020) ‘Totalforsvaret – samfunnet i væpnet konflikt’, in A.K. Larssen and G.L. Dyndal (eds), Strategisk ledelse i krise og krig. Det norske systemet. Oslo: Universitetsforlaget, pp. 406–434.
- 11. European Commission (2005) Green paper on a European Programme for Critical Infrastructure Protection, COM(2005) 576 final. Brussels: European Commission. Available at: https://op.europa.eu/en/public... (Accessed: 13 October 2021).
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- 13. European Council (2008) Council directive 2008/114/EC of 8 December 2008 on the identification and designation of European critical infrastructures and the assessment of the need to improve their protection. Brussels: European Council.
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- 18. Hagen, J. and Fridheim H. (2005) ‘Hva er kritisk infrastruktur? (What is critical infrastructure)’, FFI/NOTAT-2005/00363. Kjeller: Forsvartes Forskningsinstitutt. Available at: https://www.regjeringen.no/no/... (Accessed: 22 October 2021).
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- 22. Houston, D.J., Aitalieva, N., Morelock, A.L. and Shults, C.A. (2016) ‘Citizen trust in civil servants: a cross-national examination’, International Journal of Public Administration, 39(14), pp. 1203–1214. doi: 10.1080/01900692.2016.1156696.
- 23. Jonsson, O. and Seely, R. (2015) ‘Russian full-spectrum conflict: an appraisal after Ukraine’, The Journal of Slavic Military Studies, 28(1), pp. 1–22. doi: 10.1080/13518046.2015.998118.
- 24. Løsnegård, G. (2013) Norske ulykkar og katastrofar (Norwegian accidents and catastrophes). Oslo: Skald.
- 25. Ministry of Defence (2016a) Samhandling for sikkerhet. Beskyttelse av grunnleggende samfunnsfunksjoner i en omskiftelig tid (Acting together for security. Protection of basic societal functions in changing times). Oslo: Ministry of Defence. Available at: https://www.regjeringen.no/no/... (Accessed: 20 October 2020).
- 26. Ministry of Defence (2016b) Prop. 151 S (2015–2016). Kampkraft og bærekraft. Langtidsplan for forsvarssektoren (Fighting power and sustainability. Long-term plan for defence sector). Oslo: Ministry of Defence. Available at: https://forsvaret.no/forsvarsm... (Accessed: 19 May 2021).
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- 28. Ministry of Defence (2020) Prop. 62 S 21 Vilje til beredskap – evne til forsvar – Langtidsplan for forsvarssektoren (Willingness to be prepared – ability to defend – Long-term plan for the defense sector). Oslo: Ministry of Defence. Available at: https://www.regjeringen.no/con... (Accessed: 19 May 2021).
- 29. Ministry of Foreign Affairs (2011) Meld. St. 24 2010–2011 Samarbeidet i NATO i 2010 (Cooperation in NATO in 2010). Oslo: Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Available at: https://www.regjeringen.no/con... (Accessed: 10 October 2020).
- 30. Ministry of Foreign Affairs (2012a) Utenfor og innenfor : Norges avtaler med EU (Outside and Inside: Norway’s agreements with the EU). Oslo: Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Available at: http://www.regjeringen.no/page... (Accessed: 13 July 2021).
- 31. Ministry of Foreign Affairs (2012b) Prop. 130 S (2011–2012) Proposisjon til Stortinget. Samtykke til godkjenning av EØS-komiteens beslutning nr. 101/2012 av 30. april 2012 om innlemmelse i EØS-avtalen av ECIP direktiv 2008/114/EF (Consent to the approval of the EEA Committee Decision No 101/2012 of 30 April 2012 on the incorporation into the EEA Agreement of ECIP Directive 2008/114 / EF). Oslo: Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Available at: https://www.regjeringen.no/con... (Accessed: 13 September 2020).
- 32. Ministry of Foreign Affairs (2015) Meld. St. 37 (2014–2015) Melding til Stortinget. Globale sikkerhetsutfordringer i utenrikspolitikken. Terrorisme, organisert kriminalitet, piratvirksomhet og sikkerhetsutfordringer i det digitale rom (Global security challenges in Norway’s foreign policy — terrorism, organised crime, piracy and cyber threats). Oslo: Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Available at: https://www.regjeringen.no/con... (Accessed: 13 September 2020).
- 33. Ministry of Foreign Affairs (2017) Meld. St. 36 (2016 – 2017) Melding til Stortinget. Veivalg i norsk utenriksog sikkerhetspolitikk (Setting the course for Norwegian foreign and security policy). Oslo: Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Available at: https://www.regjeringen.no/con... (Accessed: 10 November 2020).
- 34. Ministry of Justice and Public Security (2000) Et sårbart samfunn — Utfordringer for sikkerhets- og beredskapsarbeidet i samfunnet (A vulnerable society – challenges for work on security and public security in society). Oslo: Ministry of Justice and Public Security. Available at: https://www.regjeringen.no/no/... (Accessed: 13 September 2020).
- 35. Ministry of Justice and Public Security (2006) Når sikkerheten er viktigst. Beskyttelse av landets kritiske infrastrukturer og kritiske samfunnsfunksjoner (When security is the most important. Protection of country’s critical infrastructures and critical social functions). Oslo: Ministry of Justice and Public Security. Available at: https://www.regjeringen.no/no/... (Accessed: 23 September 2020).
- 36. Ministry of Justice and Public Security (2008) St.meld. nr. 22 (2007–2008) Samfunnssikkerhet. Samvirke og samordning (Security of the society. Interaction and coordination). Oslo: Ministry of Justice and Public Security. Available at: https://www.regjeringen.no/con... (Accessed: 23 September 2020).
- 37. Ministry of Justice and Public Security (2016) Meld. St. 10 (2016–2017) Risiko i et trygt samfunn — Samfunnssikkerhet (Risk in a safe society – social security). Oslo: Ministry of Justice and Public Security. Available at: https://www.regjeringen.no/con... (Accessed: 23 September 2020).
- 38. Ministry of Justice and Public Security (2019) Prop. 1 S (2019 – 2020) Proposisjon til Stortinget (forslag til stortingsvedtak). Oslo: Ministry of Justice and Public Security. Available at: https://www.regjeringen.no/con... (Accessed: 23 September 2020).
- 39. Ministry of Justice and Public Security (2020) Meld. St. 5 (2020 – 2021) Samfunnssikkerhet i en usikker verden (Social security in an insecure world). Oslo: Ministry of Justice and Public Security. Available at: https://www.regjeringen.no/no/... (Accessed: 23 January 2021).
- 40. Ministry of Petroleum and Energy (2017) For budsjettåret 2018. (Prop. 1 S (2017–2018) (For budget year 2018). Oslo: Ministry of Petroleum and Energy. Available at: https://www.regjeringen.no/con... (Accessed: 23 September 2020).
- 41. Ministry of Trade, Industry and Fisheries (2021) Blue ocean, green future. The government’s commitment to the ocean and ocean industries. Oslo: Ministry of Trade, Industry and Fisheries.
- 42. Muller, L.P., Gjesvik, L. and Friis, K. (2018) Cyber-weapons in international politics. Possible sabotage against the Norwegian petroleum sector. Oslo: NUPI. Available at: https://nupi.brage.unit.no/nup... (Accessed: 30 January 2021).
- 43. Popescu, N. and Secrieru, S. (eds.) (2018) Hacks, leaks and disruptions. Russian cyber strategies, Chaillot papers. Paris: European Union Institute for Security Studies.
- 44. Saltkjel, T. and Malmberg-Heimonen, I. (2014) ‘Social inequalities, social trust and civic participation – the case of Norway’, European Journal of Social Work, 17(1), pp. 118–134. doi: 10.1080/13691457.2013.789004.
- 45. Schiefloe, P.M. (2016) ‘Norge og oljen’, in I. Frønes and L. Kjølsrød (eds.), Det norske samfunn. 7. utgave. Oslo: Gyldendal Akademisk, pp. 139–167.
- 46. Slagstad, R. (1998) De nasjonale strateger. Oslo: Pax Forlag.
- 47. Stortinget (2018) Lov om nasjonal sikkerhet (sikkerhetsloven) (Law on national security). Oslo: Stortinget. Available at: https://lovdata.no/dokument/NL... (Accessed: 23 September 2020).
- 48. United Nations Office of Counter-terrorism and United Nations Security Council (2018) The protection of critical infrastructures against terrorist attacks: compendium of good practices. New York, NY. Available at: https://www.un.org/securitycou... (Accessed: 24 September 2021).
- 49. World Economic Forum (2021) The global risks report 2021, 16th ed. Global risk reports. Cologny, Geneva: World Economic Forum.
Typ dokumentu
Bibliografia
Identyfikator YADDA
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