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Warianty tytułu
Języki publikacji
Abstrakty
After the World War II, acting under the terms of the Potsdam Agreement, the anti-Nazi coalition commenced destroying chemical and conventional munitions by dumping it in the seas (including in the Baltic Sea). As a result of these activities, tens of thousands of tons of ammunition were brought to the Baltic. The international project CHEMSEA has shown that dumped chemical munitions pose a threat to the environmental safety of the Baltic Sea, and that the need to collect and destroy munitions should be taken into account. The article describes the assumptions of a pilot system to identify chemical munitions in the Baltic Sea (including selected areas of the Polish Maritime Areas), assess its technical condition and the potential for its recovery. In addition, existing technical solutions (allowing for the use of the best available techniques – BAT) provide the opportunity to collect and neutralize sunken chemical munitions.
Słowa kluczowe
Rocznik
Strony
19--30
Opis fizyczny
Bibliogr. 20 poz., rys., tab.
Twórcy
autor
- Faculty of Command and Naval Operations, Polish Naval Academy, Gdynia, Poland
autor
- Faculty of Command and Naval Operations, Polish Naval Academy, Gdynia, Poland
Bibliografia
- Beldowski, J. (2012). All Partner Activities within the CHEMSEA project – current status. Referat 3. Spotkanie Projektu CHEMSEA, 12-14-09-2012, Helsinki, Finlandia.
- Beldowski, J., Klusek, Z., Szubska, M. et al. (2016). Chemical Munitions Search & Assessment – An evaluation of the dumped munitions problem in the Baltic Sea. Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, vol. 128, pp. 85-95.
- Beldowski, J., Sosnowska, A. and Podscianski, A. (2013). Bron chemiczna zatopiona w Morzu Baltyckim. Aura, no. 8, pp. 19-22.
- Beldowski, J., Szubska, M., Emelyanov, E. et al. (2016). Arsenic concentrations in Baltic Sea sediments close to chemical munitions dumpsites. Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, vol. 128, pp. 114-122.
- Carton, G. and Jagusiewicz, A. (2011). Historic disposal of munitions in U.S. and European coastal waters, how historic information can be used in characterizing and managing risk. Marine Technology Society Journal, vol. 43, no. 4, pp. 16-32.
- CHEMSEA findings. Results from the chemsea project – chemical munitions search and assessment. (2014). Sopot: Institute of Oceanology of the Polish Academy of Sciences.
- Committee on Review and Evaluation of International Technologies for the Destruction of Non-Stockpile Chemical Materiel, Board on Army Science and Technology, Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences, National Research Council of the National Academies. (2006). Review of international technologies for destruction of recovered chemical warfare materiel. Washington: National Academies Press.
- Fabisiak, J. (2014). Udzial i rola polskich organizacji i jednostek naukowych w miedzynarodowych dzialaniach zmierzajacych do rozwiazania problemu zatopionej w morzach i oceanach broni chemicznej. Logistyka, no. 6, pp. 586-596.
- Fabisiak, J., Michalak, J. and Paczek, B. (2012). Wspolpraca panstw nadbaltyckich w celu przeciwdzialania skutkom zatopionej w morzach amunicji chemicznej. Logistyka, no. 5, pp. 273-284.
- James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies. Combating the spread of weapons of mass destruction with training & analysis. (2016). [online]. Middlebury Institute of International Studies at Monterey. Available at: http://cns.miis.edu/stories/090806_cw_dumping.htm [Accessed: 27 June 2018].
- Kasperek, T. (1999). Chemical weapons dumped in the Baltic Sea. Lysomice: Europejskie Centrum Edukacyjne.
- Knobloch, T., Beldowski, J., Böttcher, C. et al. (2013). Chemical Munitions Dumped in the Baltic Sea. Report of the ad hoc Expert Group to Update and Review the Existing Information on Dumped Chemical Munitions in the Baltic Sea (HELCOM MUNI). Helsinki: Helsinki Commission and Baltic Marine Environment Protection Commission.
- Konopski, L. (2009). Historia broni chemicznej. Warszawa: Belleona, 2009.
- Makles, A. and Sliwakowski, M. (1997). Bron chemiczna zatopiona w Polskiej strefie ekonomicznej Morza Baltyckiego, a bezpieczenstwo ludzi gospodarczo wykorzystujacych zasoby morza. Biuletyn Informacyjny WIChiR, vol. 27, no. 1, pp. 5-28.
- Robinson, J.P. (1971). The problem of chemical and biological warfare. A study of the historical, technical, military, legal and political aspects of CBW, and possible disarmament measures. Vol. 1. The rise of CB weapons. Stockholm: Almquist & Wiksell.
- Smart, J.K. (1997). History of chemical and biological warfare. An American perspective. In: Sidell, F.R., Takafuji, E.T. and Franz, D.R. (eds.). Medical aspects of chemical and biological warfare. Washington: Borden Institute, Walter Reed Army Medical Center et al.
- Szarejko, A. and Namiesnik, J. (2009). The Baltic Sea as a dumping site of chemical munitions and chemical warfare agents. Chemistry and Ecology, vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 13-26.
- Tumilowicz, B. (2013). Baltyk pelen iperytu. Przeglad, no. 11, pp. 44.
- Walker, P.F. (2012). Ocean-Dumped Chemical Weapons: History, Challenges, Prospects. Materialy z International Workshop Polish Naval Academy. Gdynia, pp. 16-32.
- Witkiewicz, Z. (1998). Stan techniczny zatopionej amunicji chemicznej i przewidywane tego konsekwencje. Materialy z Sympozjum Naukowego “Bron chemiczna zatopiona w Morzu Baltyckim” (22 kwietnia 1997 r.). Gdynia: Wydawnictwo Akademii Marynarki Wojennej, pp. 35-38.
Uwagi
Opracowanie rekordu w ramach umowy 509/P-DUN/2018 ze środków MNiSW przeznaczonych na działalność upowszechniającą naukę (2018).
Typ dokumentu
Bibliografia
Identyfikator YADDA
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