N-Nitrozodimetyloamina : dokumentacja proponowanych dopuszczalnych wielkości narażenia zawodowego

Bruchajzer, Elżbieta; Frydrych, Barbara; Szymańska, Jadwiga

doi:10.5604/01.3001.0013.4181

Artykuł - szczegóły

Tytuł artykułu

N-Nitrozodimetyloamina : dokumentacja proponowanych dopuszczalnych wielkości narażenia zawodowego

Autorzy

Bruchajzer Elżbieta , Frydrych Barbara , Szymańska Jadwiga

Treść / Zawartość

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Identyfikatory

DOI

10.5604/01.3001.0013.4181

Warianty tytułu

N-Nitrosodimethylamine : documentation of proposed values of occupational exposure limits (OELs)

Języki publikacji

Abstrakty

N-Nitrozodimetyloamina to palna, lotna, oleista ciecz o żółtej barwie i charakterystycznym zapachu. Stosowana jest w: przemyśle gumowym, skórzanym, odlewniczym oraz w rolnictwie. W Polsce w latach 2005-2016 na N-nitrozodimetyloaminę było narażonych od kilkudziesięciu do kilkuset osób rocznie. Największe stężenia, na które byli narażani pracownicy przemysłu gumowego, wynosiły 4,5 ÷ 9,2 μg/m3. Zatrucia ostre N-nitrozodimetyloaminą u ludzi zdarzały się w wyniku wypadków lub działań o podłożu kryminalnym. Brak jest informacji na temat toksycznego działania N-nitrozodimetyloaminy w warunkach narażenia zawodowego ludzi. Po dożołądkowym podaniu N-nitrozodimetyloaminy szczurom wartość LD50 wynosiła poniżej 50 mg/kg mc. Przewlekłe narażenie (przez 45 ÷ 52 tygodnie) szczurów na N-nitrozodimetyloaminę drogą pokarmową, w dawkach 0,144 ÷ 3,6 mg/kg mc./dzień, powodowało zależne od dawki nasilenie występowania przypadków nowotworów: wątroby, nerek i płuc oraz skrócenie czasu życia. U szczurów, które narażano inhalacyjnie na N-nitrozodimetyloaminę o stężeniach: 120; 600 lub 3 000 μg/m3 przez 207 dni, obserwowano – zależne od stężenia – zwiększenie śmiertelności zwierząt oraz występowanie nowotworów nosa. Najwięcej informacji na temat zależności skutku działania toksycznego od poziomu narażenia pochodzi z doświadczenia wykonanego na szczurach, którym N-nitrozodimetyloaminę podawano przewlekle w wodzie do picia w dawkach 0,001 ÷ 0,697 mg/kg mc./dzień (samcom) lub 0,002 ÷ 1,244 mg/kg mc./dzień (samicom). Dla dawek do 0,2 mg/kg mc./ dzień ryzyko występowania nowotworów wątroby rosło (w zależności od podanej dawki). N-Nitrozodimetyloamina działa mutagennie i genotoksycznie po aktywacji metabolicznej. Ma to związek z mechanizmem działania genotoksycznego i rakotwórczego, za który są odpowiedzialne metabolity. Międzynarodowa Agencja Badań nad Rakiem (IARC) zaliczyła N-nitrozodimetyloaminę do grupy 2A (prawdopodobnie rakotwórczy dla ludzi), w ACGIH (w 2001 r.) zakwalifikowano N-nitrozodimetyloaminę do grupy A3 (udowodnione działanie rakotwórcze na zwierzęta i nieznane działanie rakotwórcze na ludzi). Unia Europejska zaliczyła związek do kategorii kancerogenności 1B z przypisem „H350 – może powodować raka”. Podstawą obliczenia wartości NDS dla N-nitrozodimetyloaminy było przewlekłe narażenie szczurów na związek w wodzie do picia i obserwowane zmiany w wątrobie. Na podstawie tych badań przeprowadzono ocenę ryzyka powstania dodatkowego nowotworu, które posłużyło do zaproponowania wartości NDS na poziomie 0,0025 mg/m3, w którym ryzyko nowotworowe wynosiłoby 6,15 10-4. Nie ma podstaw do wyznaczenia wartości najwyższego dopuszczalnego stężenia chwilowego (NDSCh) oraz dopuszczalnego stężenia w materiale biologicznym (DSB). Zaproponowano także oznaczenie związku „Carc. 1B” (substancja rakotwórcza kat. 1B) oraz „skóra” – wchłanianie substancji przez skórę może być tak samo istotne, jak przy narażeniu drogą oddechową. Zakres tematyczny artykułu obejmuje zagadnienia zdrowia oraz bezpieczeństwa i higieny środowiska pracy będące przedmiotem badań z zakresu nauk o zdrowiu oraz inżynierii środowiska.

N-Nitrosodimethylamine is a flammable, volatile, oily liquid with a yellow color and a characteristic odor. It is used in the rubber and leather industry, foundry and agriculture. In Poland, in the years 2005-2016, several dozen to several hundred people per year were exposed on N-nitrosodimethylamine. The highest concentrations to which rubber industry workers in Poland were exposed were 4.5–9.2 µg/m³ . Acute poisoning with N-nitrosodimethylamine in humans occurred as a result of accidents or criminal activities. After intragastric administration of N-nitrosodimethylamine to rats, LD50 was below 50 mg/kg bw. Chronic oral exposure (45–52 weeks) of rats to N-nitrosodimethylamine at doses of 0.144–3.6 mg/kg/day resulted in a dose-dependent increase in the cancer incidence of the liver, kidneys and lungs, and shortening of lifespan. Most information about the relationship between the toxic effects and level of exposure comes from an experiment performed on rats, in which N-nitrosodimethylamine was administered chronically in drinking water at doses of 0.001–0.697 mg/kg body weight/day (males) or 0.002–1.244 mg/kg bw./day (females). For doses up to 0.2 mg/kg/day, the risk of liver cancer increased (depending on the dose). N-Nitrosodimethylamine was mutagenic and genotoxic after metabolic activation. This is related to the mechanism of genotoxic and carcinogenic action of the metabolites. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has included N-nitrosodimethylamine to 2A group (probably carcinogenic to humans), ACGIH (in 2001) qualified N-nitrosodimethylamine to A3 group (proven carcinogenicity to animals and unknown human carcinogenicity). The European Union has classified the compound with the inscription “H350 - can cause cancer”. The basis for the calculation of a threshold limit value-time weighted average (TLV-TWA; maximum acceptable concentration – MAC) for N-nitrosodimethylamine was the chronic exposure of rats to the compound in drinking water and observed changes in the liver. On the basis of these studies, an assessment of the risk of an additional tumor was made, which has been used to propose MAC-TWA values at 0.0025 mg/m³ , for which the cancer risk would be 6.15 × 10-4. There is no basis for the short-term exposure limit (STEL) or biological limit value (BLV). The notations “Carc. 1B” (carcinogenic substance Cat. 1B) and “skin” (absorption through the skin may be as important as in the case of inhalation) were proposed. This article discusses the problems of occupational safety and health, which are covered by health sciences and environmental engineering.

Słowa kluczowe

N-nitrozodimetyloamina narażenie zawodowe toksyczność NDS inżynieria środowiska nauki o zdrowiu

N-nitrosodimethylamine occupational exposure toxicity MAC-TWA health sciences environmental engineering

Wydawca

Centralny Instytut Ochrony Pracy - Państwowy Instytut Badawczy

Czasopismo

Podstawy i Metody Oceny Środowiska Pracy

Rocznik

2019

Tom

Nr 3 (101)

Strony

65--119

Opis fizyczny

Bibliogr. 219 poz., rys., tab.

Twórcy

autor

Bruchajzer Elżbieta

elzbieta.bruchajzer@umed.lodz.pl

Uniwersytet Medyczny w Łodzi 90-151 Łódź, ul. J. Muszyńskiego 1 POLAND

autor

Frydrych Barbara

Uniwersytet Medyczny w Łodzi 90-151 Łódź, ul. J. Muszyńskiego 1 POLAND

autor

Szymańska Jadwiga

Uniwersytet Medyczny w Łodzi 90-151 Łódź, ul. J. Muszyńskiego 1 POLAND

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Uwagi

Opracowanie rekordu w ramach umowy 509/P-DUN/2018 ze środków MNiSW przeznaczonych na działalność upowszechniającą naukę (2019).

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Bibliografia

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