Gender diversity management in NATO for sustainable security and peace

Trochowska-Sviderok, Kamila; Masakowski, Yvonne Rose; McFate, Montgomery; Holohan, Anne

doi:10.35467/sdq/183658

Artykuł - szczegóły

Tytuł artykułu

Gender diversity management in NATO for sustainable security and peace

Autorzy

Trochowska-Sviderok Kamila , Masakowski Yvonne Rose , McFate Montgomery , Holohan Anne

Wybrane pełne teksty z tego czasopisma

http://securityanddefence.pl

Identyfikatory

DOI

10.35467/sdq/183658

Warianty tytułu

Języki publikacji

Abstrakty

The article focuses on the need for a paradigm shift in diversity management for sustainable peace and security. We discuss the bidirectional influence of security and defence organisations and society; the intersectionality of issues related to social justice, health, race, and ethnicity; sexual abuse and exploitation; and cultural factors that influence the functioning of LGBTQ+ personnel and the gender/technology nexus in the context of North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). During the application of the Sustainable Security Paradigm to gender diversity management, we found that ecofeminism and the ideas of post-colonial theory should inform the transformational shift of contemporary security and defence organisational cultures. This approach was used by the multinational NATO Science & Technology Organization Exploratory Team ET-197 Gender, Peace and Sustainable Security (2022-23) and its successor, the NATO HFM-368 Research Task Group (2023-26). Our research efforts were triangulated by an analysis of doctrinal textual, audiovisual and art sources that relate to gender diversity and its management. Given the complexity of future warfare, there is a strategic imperative to develop an inclusive defence strategy that reconfigures the traditional white male-focused military paradigm. It is evident that the root cause of gender inequality cannot be solved solely by doctrine and training solutions—rather a transformational organisational culture shift is pivotal and critical to the future global security. This is the first article that addresses the issues of gender diversity management for sustainable security and peace in an interdisciplinary and holistic manner. Our approach is relevant to any organisation with internal gender and intersectional diversity and systemic discrimination.

Słowa kluczowe

social justice NATO organisational effectiveness sustainable security gender diversity management

Wydawca

Akademia Sztuki Wojennej

Czasopismo

Security and Defence Quarterly

Rocznik

2024

Tom

Vol. 45, No. 1

Strony

18--32

Opis fizyczny

Bibliogr. 68 poz.

Twórcy

autor

Trochowska-Sviderok Kamila

k.trochowska@pracownik.akademia.mil.pl

National Security Department, War Studies University, Al. Gen. Chruściela “Montera” 103, 00-910 Warsaw, Poland

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2730-5536

autor

Masakowski Yvonne Rose

Innovation Hub, NATO ACT, 4111 Monarch Way, suite 412 Norfolk, VA-23508 United States

autor

McFate Montgomery

Center for Leadership and Ethics, Naval War College, 686 Cushing Road, Newport, RI 02841-1207 United States

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2598-2552

autor

Holohan Anne

Department of Sociology, Trinity College Dublin, 2 College Green Dublin D02 VR66 Ireland

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4436-9099

Bibliografia

1. 7th Empire Media (2020) Coded bias, 2020.
2. Abbott C. (2006) Global responses to global threats: sustainable security for the 21st century. London: Oxford Research Group.
3. Acker J. (1990) ‘Hierarchies, jobs, bodies: A theory of gendered organizations’, Gender and Society, 4, pp. 139–158.
4. Acker J. (1994) ‘Book reviews: In the way of women: Men’s resistance to sex equality in organizations. Cynthia Cockburn. Ithaca, N.Y.: ILR Press, 1991. The promise and the price: The struggle for equal opportunity in women’s employment. Clare Burton. North Sydney, Australia: Allen & Unwin, 1991’, Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 19, pp. 504–506. doi: 10.1086/494896.
5. Al-Hussein P.Z.R. (2005) A comprehensive strategy to eliminate future sexual exploitation and abuse in United Nations peacekeeping operations. UN document No. A/59/710. NY: United Nations General Assembly (UNGA).
6. Barlow J.P. (1996) A declaration of the independence of cyberspace electronic frontier foundation. Available at: https://.eff.org/cyberspace-independence (Accessed: 19 January 2023).
7. Ben V. (2020) Non-binary genders: navigating communities, identities, and healthcare. Bristol: Policy Press.
8. Blanchfield L. (2023) Women, peace and security: global context and U.S. policy. Available at: https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/IF/IF12346 (Accessed: 26 January 2024).
9. Breslin R., Klahr A., Hylton K., White A., Petusky M., Sampath S. (2021) Workplace and gender relations survey of military members: Overview report. Alexandria: Office of People Analytics.
10. Buolamwini J. and Gebru T. (2018) ‘Gender shades: intersectional accuracy disparities in commercial gender classification’, in Proceedings of the 1st conference on fairness, accountability and transparency, PMLR, pp. 77–91.
11. Burke W.W. (2017) Organization change: Theory and practice. London: SAGE.
12. Carey H.F. (2001) ‘Women and peace and security: The politics of implementing gender sensitivity norms in peacekeeping’, International Peacekeeping, 8, pp. 49–68. doi: 10.1080/13533310108413895.
13. Center for American Progress (2023) About sustainable security. Available at: https://.americanprogress.org/ss-about/ (Accessed: 9 January 2023).
14. Charbonne C. (2021) Research guides: United Nations peacekeeping resource hub (EN): Sexual exploitation and abuse. Available at: https://peacekeepingresourcehub.un.org/en/sea (Accessed: 21 June 2021).
15. Coleman J.A., Ingram K.M. and Sheerin C.M. (2019) ‘Racial differences in posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms among African American and Caucasian male veterans’, Traumatology, 25, p. 297. doi: 10.1037/trm0000201.
16. Coughlin S.S. (2021) ‘Racism and discrimination in the military and the health of US service members’, Military Medicine, 186, p. 147. doi: 10.1093/milmed/usab037.
17. Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) (2022) Number of employees, statistics, diversity, demographics, and facts. Available at: https://.zippia.com/darpa-careers-1581455/demographics/ (Accessed: 20 January 2023).
18. Egnell R. (2016) ‘Gender Perspectives and Military Effectiveness: Implementing UNSCR 1325 and the National A’. Prism: A Journal of the Center for Complex Operations. 6, pp. 73–89. Available at: https://cco.ndu.edu/PRISM/PRISM-volume-6-no1/Article/685108/gender-perspectives-and-military-effectiveness--implementing-unscr-1325-and-the/ (Accessed: 26 January 2024).
19. Ellis R.E. (2023) ‘Race to the bottom: China and the self-defeating logic of transactional diplomacy in the Americas’, The Diplomat, 18 April. Available at: https://thediplomat.com/2023/04/race-to-the-bottom-china-and-the-self-defeating-logic-of-transactional-diplomacy-in-the-americas/ (Accessed: 26 January 2024).
20. European Commission, Directorate-General for Education, Youth, Sport and Culture (2015) Does the EU need more STEM graduates? – Final report. Brussels: Publications Office of the European Union. Available at: https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2766/000444 (Accessed: 26 January 2024).
21. European External Action Service (EEAS) (2022) WHO – EB 150 – EU statement: item 20.1 – prevention of sexual exploitation, abuse and harassment. Available at: https://.eeas.europa.eu/delegations/un-geneva/who-eb-150-eu-statement-item-201-prevention-sexual-exploitation-abuse-and_en?s=62 (Accessed: 1 October 2023).
22. European Union External Action Service (2020) Gender action plan III: Towards a gender-equal world. Available at: https://.eeas.europa.eu/eeas/gender-action-plan-iii-towards-gender-equal-world_en (Accessed: 6 March 2023).
23. Ford C. (2019). Boys will be boys: Power, patriarchy and toxic masculinity. New York, NY: Simon and Schuster.
24. Georgetown Institute for Women, Peace and Security (GCWPS) and the Peace Research Institute Oslo (2022) Women, peace and security index 2021/2. Washington DC: GCWPS.
25. Gutteres A. (2022) Secretary-General’s remarks to the security council – on women, peace and security. Available at: https://.un.org/sg/en/content/sg/speeches/2022-06-15/secretary-generals-remarks-the-security-council-women-peace-and-security (Accessed: 17 November 2022).
26. Potts M., Hayden T. (2008) Sex and War: How Biology Explains Warfare and Terrorism and Offers a Path to a Safer World. Dallas, TX: BenBella Books.
27. Holohan A. (2019) ‘Transformative training in soft skills for peacekeepers: gaming for peace’, International Peacekeeping, 26, pp. 556–578. doi: 10.1080/13533312.2019.1623677.
28. Inter-Agency Standing Committee (IASC) (2021) Understanding the differences between sexual exploitation and abuse, sexual harassment and sexual and gender based violence. Available at: https://gbvaor.net/sites/default/files/2019-07/Understanding%20the%20Difference%20Between%20SEA%2C%20SH%20and%20SGBV%20IASC.pdf (Accessed: 21 June 2021).
29. Jennings K. (2011) Women’s participation in UN peacekeeping operations: agents of change or stranded symbols? Oslo: Norwegian Centre for Conflict Resolution (NOREF).
30. Jennings J. (2023) The United States launches the 2023 strategy and national action plan on women, peace, and security. Press Release, USAID. Available at: https://.usaid.gov/news-information/press-releases/oct-31-2023-united-states-launches-2023-strategy-and-national-action-plan-women-peace-and-security (Accessed: 26 January 2024).
31. Joz M., Nieder T.O. and Bouman W.P. (2020) Non-binary and gender queer genders. Oxfordshire: Routledge.
32. Kanter R.M. (1993) Men and women of the corporation. New Edition. New York, NY: Basic Books.
33. Lehavot K., Katon J.G., Chen J.A., Fortney J.C. and Simpson T.L. (2018) ‘Post-traumatic stress-disorder by gender and veteran status’, American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 54, pp. e1–e9. doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2017.09.008.
34. Marçal K. (2021) Mother of Invention: How Good Ideas Get Ignored in an Economy Built for Men. Toronto: Doubleday, Canada.
35. McFate M. and Laurence J.H. (2015) Social science goes to war: the human terrain system in Iraq and Afghanistan. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
36. Mihr A. and Gibney M. (2014) The SAGE handbook of human rights. Two volume set. London: SAGE.
37. Nordås R. (2021) Sexual exploitation and abuse by peacekeepers: understanding variation. Oslo: Peace Research Institute Oslo (PRIO).
38. North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) (2019) The NATO policy on preventing and responding to sexual exploitation and abuse. Available at: http://.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/official_texts_173038.htm (Accessed: 10 January 2023).
39. North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) (2021) Action plan for the implementation of the NATO/EAPC policy on women, peace and security 2021–2025. Available at: https://.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/official_texts_187485.htm (Accessed: 17 November 2022).
40. North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) International Staff (2021) Diversity and inclusion annual report. Brussels: NATO.
41. North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) (2022) NATO 2022 strategic concept. Brussels: NATO.
42. North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) Science & Technology Organization (STO) (2021) Women in the armed forces. Brussels: NATO STO.
43. Oxford Research Group (2021) Sustainable security index. Available at: https://.researchgate.net/-publication/342381062_Sustainable_Security_Index_Report (Accessed: 1 May 2023).
44. Oxford Research Group (2023) Sustainable security. Available at: https://rethinkingsecurity.org.uk/2020/07/09/sustainable-security-after-covid-19/ (Accessed: 5 January 2023).
45. Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) (2021) Education at a glance 2021: OECD indicators. Paris: OECD.
46. Perez C.C. (2019) Invisible women: exposing data bias in a world designed for men. New York, NY: Random House.
47. Perez S.S. (2021) Report on promoting gender equality in science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) education and careers. European Parliament report A9-0163/2021. Available at: https://.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/A-9-2021-0163_EN.html (Accessed: 20 January 2023).
48. Prizzia R. and Levy J. (2018) ‘Towards climate security and sustainable security in the Asia-Pacific region’, in Masys A.J., Lin L.S.F. (Eds.), Asia-Pacific security challenges: managing black swans and persistent threats, advanced sciences and technologies for security applications. Cham: Springer, pp. 41–64. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-61729-9_3.
49. Sandole D.J.D. and Staroste I. (2015) ‘Making the case for systematic, gender-based analysis in sustainable peace building’, Conflict Resolution Quarterly, 33, pp. 119–147. doi: 10.1002/crq.21147.
50. Schein E.H. (2010) Organizational culture and leadership. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
51. Sewak M. (2005) Multi-track diplomacy between India and Pakistan: a conceptual framework for sustainable security. New Delhi: Manohar Publishers & Distributors.
52. Shiva V. and Mies M. (2014) Ecofeminism. London: Zed Books.
53. Shrestha S. and Das S. (2022) ‘Exploring gender biases in ML and AI academic research through systematic literature review’, Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence, 5. doi: 10.3389/frai.2022.976838.
54. Statista (2021) Gender identity worldwide by country 2021. Available at: https://.statista.com/-statistics/1269778/gender-identity-worldwide-country/ (Accessed: 9 January 2023).
55. Steidl C., Werum R., Harcey S., Absalon J. and Miller Mac Phee A. (2020) ‘Soldiers to scientists: military service, gender, and STEM degree earning’, Socius, 6, p. 2378023120948713. doi: 10.1177/2378023120948713.
56. The White House (Gov) (2023) White house briefing. The status of women is the status of Democracy: Advancing women’s political and civic participation and leadership at the second summit for democracy. Available at: https://.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2023/03/28/the-status-of-women-is-the-status-of--democracy-advancing-womens-political-and-civic-participation-and-leadership-at-the-second-summit-for-democracy/ (Accessed: 26 January 2024).
57. Trochowska-Sviderok K. (2021) ‘Sustainable security: revolution or utopia?’, European Research Studies Journal, XXIV, pp. 369–395. doi: 10.35808/ersj/2132.
58. Trochowska-Sviderok K., Masakowski Y. and Heimdal J. (2022) ‘Cultural competence in strategic leadership’, in Leaders development for NATO multinational operations. Brussels: NATO STO, Chapter 8.
59. Twist J., Barker M.-J., Vincent B. and Gupta K. (2020) Non-binary lives: an anthology of intersecting identities. London: Jessica Kingsley.
60. United Nations (2022) United Nations sustainable development goals report. Available at: https://.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/progress-report/ (Accessed: 9 January 2023).
61. United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (2022) World population prospects. Available at: https://population.un.org/wpp/ (Accessed: 6 March 2023).
62. UN Women (2021) Facts & figures. Available at: https://.unwomen.org/en/news/in-focus/commission-on-the-status-of-women-2012/facts-and-figures (Accessed: 1 September 2023).
63. UN Women (2023) Facts and figures: women, peace, and security. Available at: https://.unwomen.org/en/what-we-do/peace-and-security/facts-and-figures (Accessed: 1 May 2023).
64. U.S. Southern Command Women, Peace, and Security (WPS) (2023) SOUTHCOM women, peace, and security (WPS) program. Available at: https://.southcom.mil/WPS/ (Accessed: 26 January 2024).
65. VICE News (2022) Life as a trans soldier. Available at: https://.youtube.com/watch?v=68sjjlE9Ugk (Accessed: 2 January 2023).
66. Wallis C.J.D., Jerath A., Aminoltejari K., Kaneshwaran K., Salles A., Coburn N., Wright F.C., Conn G.L., et al. (2023) ‘Surgeon Sex and Long-Term Postoperative Outcomes Among Patients Undergoing Common Surgeries’, JAMA Surg. 158(11), pp. 1185–1194. doi: 10.1001/jamasurg.2023.3744.
67. Whitworth S. (2004) Men, militarism, and UN peacekeeping: a gendered analysis. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner.
68. Yoshida K. and Céspedes-Báez L.M. (2021) ‘The nature of women, peace, and security: a Colombian perspective’, International Affairs, 97(1), pp. 17–34. doi: 10.1093/ia/iiaa173.

Typ dokumentu

Bibliografia

Identyfikator YADDA

bwmeta1.element.baztech-695af88a-b499-49d6-a24c-0fce51bdf308