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The increasingly common practical application of systems for the dynamic weighing of vehicles in motion makes necessary periodic assessment of correct operation of such systems and calibration of the results obtained from them. This paper presents an experimental study and the obtained measurement results which allow for the determination of reference values essential for the calibration process. It was assumed that Weigh-In-Motion (WIM) systems will be calibrated using the pre-weighed vehicle method. The desired reference values in this case are thus gross weight (Gross Vehicle Weight - GVW) and static load of individual test vehicle axles used in the calibration process. The experiments and analysis of results obtained from them presented in this work involve the use of a platform scale for determination of GVW, as well as portable scales or a dynamic low-speed scale (LS-WIM), intended for measurement of the loads of individual axles of vehicles. All of the scales used in the experiments have valid certificates of metrological approval. The results obtained indicate the possibility of significant simplification of the procedure while still maintaining the required accuracy. The simplification proposed involves the possibility of abandoning the GVW measurement on the platform scale, instead determining this value by summing up the load measurements of all the vehicle’s axles obtained on the LS-WIM scale.
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1--15
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Bibliogr. 36 poz., rys., tab., wykr.
Twórcy
autor
- AGH University of Krakow, Department of Measurement and Electronics, Al. A. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
autor
- AGH University of Krakow, Department of Measurement and Electronics, Al. A. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
autor
- AGH University of Krakow, Department of Measurement and Electronics, Al. A. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
autor
- AGH University of Krakow, Department of Measurement and Electronics, Al. A. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
autor
- Central Office of Measures, Elektoralna 2, 00-139 Warsaw, Poland
autor
- Central Office of Measures, Elektoralna 2, 00-139 Warsaw, Poland
autor
- Central Office of Measures, Elektoralna 2, 00-139 Warsaw, Poland
autor
- Central Office of Measures, Elektoralna 2, 00-139 Warsaw, Poland
Bibliografia
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- [2] Sroka, R., Burnos, P., & Gajda, J. (2019). Vehicle’s axle load sensors in Weigh-in-Motion systems. In S. Y. Yurish (ed.), Physical and chemical sensors: design, applications & networks. Advances in Sensors: Reviews (vol. 7, pp. 49-67). International Frequency Sensor Association Publishing. https://www.sensorsportal.com/HTML/BOOKSTORE/Advances_in_Sensors_Reviews_Vol_7.pdf
- [3] Gajda, J., Sroka, R., Stencel, M., Zeglen, T., Piwowar, P., & Burnos, P. (2012). Analysis of the temperature influences on the metrological properties of polymer piezoelectric load sensors applied in Weigh-in-Motion systems. 2012 IEEE International Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference Proceedings, 772-775. https://doi.org/10.1109/i2mtc.2012.6229482
- [4] Wang, Y., Sun, X., Cui, D., Wang, X., Jia, Z., & Zhang, Z. (2024). An adaptive estimation of ground vehicle state with unknown measurement noise. Metrology and Measurement Systems, 31(1), 389-399. https://doi.org/10.24425/mms.2024.149705
- [5] Duda, K., & Marszalek, Z. (2024). Vehicle speed determination with inductive-loop technology and fast and accurate fractional time delay estimation by DFT. Metrology and Measurement Systems, 31(4), 781-781. https://doi.org/10.24425/mms.2024.152048
- [6] Burnos, P., Gajda, J., & Sroka, R. (2018). Accuracy criteria for evaluation of Weigh-in-Motion systems. Metrology and Measurement Systems, 25(4), 743-743. https://doi.org/10.24425/mms.2018.124881
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- [9] Chen, M. (2012). Weigh-in-Motion Device Based on Capacitive Weighing Sensor. Applied Mechanics and Materials, 182-183, 357-360. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.182-183.357
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- [11] Batenko, A., Grakovski, A., Kabashkin, I., Petersons, E., & Sikerzhicki, Y. (2011). Weight-in-motion (WIM) measurements by fiber optic sensor: problems and solutions. Transport and Telecommunication, 12(4), 27-33.
- [12] Al-Tarawneh, M.A. (2016). In-Pavement Fiber Bragg Grating Sensors for Weight-In-Motion Measurements [Master Thesis, North Dakota State University]. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/28248
- [13] Jacob, B., O’Brien, E., Jehaes, S. (2002). European Specifications on Weigh-in-Motion (WIM) of Road Vehicles. Report of the COST323 Action; Laboratoire Central Des Ponts et Chaussess (LCPC).
- [14] Gajda, J., Burnos, P., Sroka, R. (2016). Weigh-In-Motion Systems for Direct Enforcement in Poland. In F. Schmidt, & B. Jacob (Eds.) Proceedings of 7th International Conference on Weigh-in-Motion (pp. 302-311). Foz do Iguaçu.
- [15] Gajda, J., Sroka, R., & Burnos, P. (2021). Designing the Calibration Process of Weigh-In-Motion Systems. Electronics, 10(20), 2537. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics10202537
- [16] Sujon, M., & Dai, F. (2021). Application of weigh-in-motion technologies for pavement and bridge response monitoring: State-of-the-art review. Automation in Construction, 130, 103844. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2021.103844
- [17] International Organization of Legal Metrology. (2006). Automatic instruments for weighing road vehicles in motion and measuring axle loads, Part 1: Metrological and technical requirements - Tests(OIML No R134-1) https://www.oiml.org/en/files/pdf_r/r134-1-e06.pdf
- [18] Allen, D.L., & Pigman, J.G. (1996). A Proposed Method of Calibration and Correlation of Weigh-in-Motion Systems (Research Report KTC-96-8). Kentucky Transportation Center. https://doi.org/10.13023/KTC.RR.1996.08
- [19] Davies, P., & Sommerville, F. (1987). Calibration and Accuracy Testing of Weigh-in-Motion Systems. Transportation Research Record. https://trid.trb.org/view/282542
- [20] Papagiannakis, A.T. (2010). High Speed Weigh-in-Motion Calibration Practices. Journal of Testing and Evaluation, 38(5), 615-621. https://doi.org/10.1520/jte101836
- [21] ASTM International (2017). Specification for Highway Weigh-In-Motion (WIM) Systems with User Requirements and Test Methods (ASTM E1318-09(2017)). https://doi.org/10.1520/e1318-09r17
- [22] Masud, M.M., & Haider, S.W. (2023). Guidelines for Effective Weigh-in-Motion (WIM) Equipment Calibration, Application for Modeling WIM Errors, and Comparison of the ASTM and LTPP Accuracy Protocols. International Journal of Pavement Research and Technology, 17(5), 1124-1144. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42947-022-00267-7
- [23] Masud, M.M., & Haider, S.W. (2023). Effect of static weight errors on Weigh-in-Motion (WIM) system accuracy. Measurement, 206, 112301. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2022.112301
- [24] Huhtala, M., Halonen, P. (2002). Instrumented Vehicle and its Use for Calibration of WIM Systems. In Proceedings of 7th International Symposium on Heavy Vehicle Weights & Dimensions. Delft. The Netherlands.
- [25] Brzozowski, K., Maczyński, A., Ryguła, A., & Konior, T. (2023). A weigh-in-motion system with automatic data reliability estimation. Measurement, 221, 113494. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2023.113494
- [26] Ryguła, A., Maczyński, A., Brzozowski, K., Grygierek, M., & Konior, A. (2021). Influence of Trajectory and Dynamics of Vehicle Motion on Signal Patterns in the WIM System. Sensors, 21(23), 7895. https://doi.org/10.3390/s21237895
- [27] Haider, S.W., Masud, M.M., Selezneva, O., & Wolf, D.J. (2020). Assessment of Factors Affecting Measurement Accuracy for High-Quality Weigh-in-Motion Sites in the Long-Term Pavement Performance Database. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2674(10), 269-284. https://doi.org/10.1177/0361198120937977
- [28] Yang, H., Yang, Y., Zhao, G., Guo, Y., & Wang, L. (2023). Development and Temperature Correction of Piezoelectric Ceramic Sensor for Traffic Weighing-in-Motion. Sensors, 23(9), 4312. https://doi.org/10.3390/s23094312
- [29] Hashemi Vaziri, S., Haas, C.T., Rothenburg, L., Haas, R.C., & Jiang, X. (2013). Investigation of the effects of air temperature and speed on performance of piezoelectric weigh-in-motion systems. Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, 40(10), 935-944. https://doi.org/10.1139/cjce-2012-0227
- [30] Baker, J., (2019). Auto-Calibration of WIM Using Traffic Stream Characteristics [Graduate Theses and Dissertations]. https://scholarworks.uark.edu/etd/3163
- [31] Burnos, P., Gajda, J., Sroka, R., Wasilewska, M., & Dolega, C. (2021). High Accuracy Weigh-in-Motion Systems for Direct Enforcement. Sensors, 21(23), 8046. https://doi.org/10.3390/s21238046
- [32] Burnos, P., & Gajda, J. (2020). Optimised Autocalibration Algorithm of Weigh-in-Motion Systems for Direct Mass Enforcement. Sensors, 20(11), 3049. https://doi.org/10.3390/s20113049
- [33] Rys, D. (2019). Investigation of Weigh-in-Motion Measurement Accuracy on the Basis of Steering Axle Load Spectra. Sensors, 19(15), 3272. https://doi.org/10.3390/s19153272
- [34] Zhang Durandal, F.Z. (2019). Weigh-in-Motion Auto-Calibration Using Automatic Vehicle Identification. [Graduate Theses and Dissertations]. https://scholarworks.uark.edu/etd/3463
- [35] de Wet, D.P.G. (2010). WIM calibration and data quality management. Journal of the South African Institution of Civil Engineering, 52(1), 70-76.
- [36] Stawska, S., Chmielewski, J., Bacharz, M., Bacharz, K., & Nowak, A. (2021). Comparative Accuracy Analysis of Truck Weight Measurement Techniques. Applied Sciences, 11(1), 745. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11020745
Uwagi
This research was funded by the Polish Ministry of Education and Science, in the program “Polish Metrology”, grant number “PM/SP/0041/2021/1”.
Typ dokumentu
Bibliografia
Identyfikator YADDA
bwmeta1.element.baztech-67f11106-7fac-4463-b1f8-46a857b2dbf4
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