Spatiotemporal Assessment of Groundwater Quality in the Oum Rbia Watershed Using GIS-Pro and Water Quality Indices

• Autorzy: Ouhakki Hicham , Taouil Hamid , El Fallah Kamal , Zerraf Soufiane , El Mejdoub Nouredine

Identyfikatory

DOI

10.12911/22998993/191747

• Języki publikacji: EN

Abstrakty

EN

Groundwater analysis across the Oum Rbia watershed is currently hampered by technical constraints and high costs. This research aimed to produce comprehensive groundwater quality maps throughout the basin aquifers by integrating the water quality index (WQI) and microbiological quality index (MQI) with GIS-Pro for a spatiotem poral assessment of water quality. Twenty physicochemical parameters, including pH, temperature, conductivity, total dissolved solids, permanganate index, ammonium (NH_₄^⁺), major cations (Na^⁺, K^⁺, Ca^2⁺, Mg^2⁺, Mn^2⁺), major anions (Cl^-, HCO₃^-, NO₂^-, NO₂^-, CO₃^-2, SO_₄^2-), total hardness (TH), total alkalinity (TAC), and total iron (FeT) concentration were analyzed. Additionally, the microbiological parameters, such as the fecal streptococci, fecal coliforms, and total coliforms were investigated. Fieldwork conducted over twelve campaigns during the 2021 and 2022 seasons involved sample collection from fifty-four locations across the six aquifers of the watershed. The comprehensive database facilitated the calculation of both MQI and WQI. Kriging interpolation was utilized to create spatial estimates of these indices beyond the sampling points, enabling the generation of maps that visualize water quality across the study area. WQI indicated that groundwater in most of the studied basin is of excellent quality, though water quality deteriorates in the areas receiving wastewater discharge from urban, industrial, and agricultural activities. The MQI results revealed significant pathogenic germ contamination across a substantial portion of the watershed, intensifying during the summer due to such factors as temperature, river flow, human activities, and seasonal pollution sources. These maps enhance the understanding of water table information for non-experts as well as aid decision-makers in identifying critical areas and developing effective management strategies. However, complexities in water quality and training data influence the accuracy of ArcGIS-Pro predictions, potentially overlooking key factors if the data is insufficient.

Słowa kluczowe

EN

water quality modeling; ArcGIS-Pro; interpolation; MQI-modeling; Oum Er-Rabia; groundwater

• Wydawca: Polskie Towarzystwo Inżynierii Ekologicznej ; Lublin University of Technology
• Czasopismo: Journal of Ecological Engineering
• Rocznik: 2024
• Tom: Vol. 25, nr 11
• Strony: 15--27
• Opis fizyczny: Bibliogr. 50 poz., rys., tab.

Twórcy

autor

Ouhakki Hicham

• Laboratory Organic Chemistry, Catalysis and Environment, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University Ibn Toufail BP 133-14000, Kenitra, Morocco

autor

Taouil Hamid

• Laboratory Organic Chemistry, Catalysis and Environment, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University Ibn Toufail BP 133-14000, Kenitra, Morocco

• https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0941-5897

autor

El Fallah Kamal

• Laboratory of Natural Resources and Sustainable Development, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University Ibn Toufail, BP 133-14000, Kenitra, Morocco

autor

Zerraf Soufiane

• Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Materials, Ben M’sik Faculty of Sciences, Hassan II University of Casablanca, BP 79-55, Casablanca, Morocco

autor

El Mejdoub Nouredine

• Laboratory Organic Chemistry, Catalysis and Environment, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University Ibn Toufail BP 133-14000, Kenitra, Morocco

Bibliografia

• 1. Adnani I.E., Younsi A., Namr K.I., El Achheb A., Irzan E.M. 2020. Assessment of seasonal and spatial variation of groundwater quality in the Coastal Sahel of Doukkala, Morocco. Nature Environment & Pollution Technology, 19(1).
• 2. Ali H., Shaheen I., Wattoo F.H. 2018. Chemical and microbial analysis of drinking water of different localities in Rawalpindi. Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Research, 32(2), 260–267.
• 3. Bahir M., El Mountassir O., Behnassi M. 2024. Effect of climate change on sea water intrusion in the essaouira basin coastal aquifer. In M. Behnassi, A.A. Al-Shaikh, A. Gurib-Fakim, M. Barjees Baig, M. Bahir (Éds.), The Water, Climate, and Food Nexus: Linkages, Challenges and Emerging Solutions, 3, 167–200.
• 4. Banaszuk P., Krasowska M., Kamocki A. 2013. Transport of contaminants in agricultural catchments during snowmelt: Buffer strips vs. Preferential flow paths. Ecohydrology & Hydrobiology, 13(1), 31–40.
• 5. Barakat A. 2020. Groundwater NO 3 concentration and its potential health effects in Beni Moussa perimeter (Tadla plain, Morocco). Geoenvironmental Disasters, 7(1), 14.
• 6. Barakat A., El Baghdadi M., Rais J., Aghezzaf B., Slassi M. 2016. Assessment of spatial and seasonal water quality variation of Oum Er Rbia River (Morocco) using multivariate statistical techniques. International Soil and Water Conservation Research, 4(4), 284–292.
• 7. Benamar A., Mahjoubi F., Kzaibe F. 2019. Evaluation of water quality of Oum Er Rbia River (Morocco) using water quality index (WQI) method. Journal of Applied Surfaces and Interfaces, 5(1–3).
• 8. Brock, T.D. 1970. High temperature systems. Annual review of ecology and systematics, 191–220.
• 9. Chaaou A., Chikhaoui M., Naimi M., El Miad A.K., Achemrk A., Seif-Ennasr M., El Harche S. 2022. Mapping soil salinity risk using the approach of soil salinity index and land cover: A case study from Tadla plain, Morocco. Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 15(8), 722.
• 10. Craun G.F., Calderon R.L., Craun M.F. 2005. Outbreaks associated with recreational water in the United States. International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 15(4), 243–262.
• 11. Currell M.J., Han D., Chen Z., Cartwright I. 2012. Sustainability of groundwater usage in northern China : Dependence on palaeowaters and effects on water quality, quantity and ecosystem health. Hydrological Processes, 26(26), 4050–4066.
• 12. DG Al-Afify A., M Tahoun U., H Abdo M. 2019. Water quality index and microbial assessment of lake qarun, El-batts and El-wadi drains, Fayoum Province, Egypt. Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Biology and Fisheries, 23(1), 341–357.
• 13. El Badraoui M.H., Berdai M. 2011. Adaptation of the water-energy system to climate change: National Study-Morocco. Plan Bleu, UNEP/MAP Regional Activity Center.
• 14. El Baghdadi M., Zantar I., Jouider A., Nadem S., Medah R. 2019. Evaluation of hydrogeochemical quality parameters of groundwater under urban activities Case of Beni Mellal city (Morocco). Euro-Mediterranean Journal for Environmental Integration, 4, 1–19.
• 15. El Hammoumi N., Sinan M., Lekhlif B., Lakhdar M. 2013. Use of multivariate statistical and geographic information system (GIS)-based approach to evaluate ground water quality in the irrigated plain of Tadla (Morocco). International Journal of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering, 5(2), 77–93.
• 16. Elbana T., Gaber H.M., Kishk F.M. 2019. Soil chemical pollution and sustainable agriculture. In H. El-Ramady, T. Alshaal, N. Bakr, T. Elbana, E. Mohamed, & A.-A. Belal (Éds.), The Soils of Egypt, 187–200.
• 17. Gerba C.P. 2000. Assessment of enteric pathogen shedding by bathers during recreational activity and its impact on water quality. Quantitative Microbiology, 2, 55–68.
• 18. Hafianea F.Z., Tahria L., Nouaytib N., El Jarmounic M., Rochdid R., Arifia K., Idrissie A.E., Fekhaouia M. 2020. Microbial quality assessment of Beni Aamir and Beni Moussa groundwater (Tadla plain-Morocco). Desalination and Water Treatment, 200, 74–81.
• 19. Issaka S., Ashraf M.A. 2017. Impact of soil erosion and degradation on water quality: A review. Geology, Ecology, and Landscapes, 1(1), 1–11.
• 20. Macaulay B., Aderibigbe A., Ogunwole G. 2018. Novel eco-friendly mitigation strategies for managing oil spills and municipal waste dump site leachates.
• 21. Melek M.W. 2012. Effects of temperature and soil organic content on the growth and survival of E. coli in sandy soil.
• 22. Nilsson C., Renöfält B.M. 2008. Linking flow regime and water quality in rivers : A challenge to adaptive catchment management. Ecology and Society, 13(2).
• 23. Pachepsky Y.A., Shelton D.R. 2011. Escherichia coli and fecal coliforms in freshwater and estuarine sediments. Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 41(12), 1067–1110.
• 24. Ratikane M. 2013. Quality of drinking water sources in the Bloemfontein area of the Mangaung Metropolitan Municipality.
• 25. Singh S.P., Singh P. 2015. Effect of temperature and light on the growth of algae species: A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 50, 431–444.
• 26. Sprenger C., Lorenzen G., Hülshoff I., Grützmacher G., Ronghang M., Pekdeger A. 2011. Vulnerability of bank filtration systems to climate change. Science of the Total Environment, 409(4), 655–663.
• 27. Abbasnia A., Yousefi N., Mahvi A.H., Nabizadeh R., Radfard M., Yousefi M., Alimohammadi M. 2019. Evaluation of groundwater quality using water quality index and its suitability for assessing water for drinking and irrigation purposes: Case study of Sistan and Baluchistan province (Iran). Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, 25(4), 988–1005.
• 28. Ali S., Gupta S.K., Sinha A., Khan S.U., Ali H. 2021. Health risk assessment due to fluoride contamination in groundwater of Bichpuri, Agra, India: A Case Study. Modeling Earth Systems and Environment, 1–9.
• 29. Ali S., Mohammadi A.A., Ali H., Alinejad N., Maroosi M. 2022. Qualitative assessment of ground water using the water quality index from a part of Western Uttar Pradesh, North India.
• 30. Barbieri M., Ricolfi L., Vitale S., Muteto P.V., Nigro A., Sappa G. 2019. Assessment of groundwater quality in the buffer zone of Limpopo National Park, Gaza Province, Southern Mozambique. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26(1), 62–77.
• 31. Boutirame I., Boukdir A., Akhssas A., Boutirame F., Manar A., Aghzzaf B. 2018. Contribution of gravity data and Sentinel-1 image for structural mapping. Case of Beni Mellal Atlas and Beni Moussa plain (Morocco), 37, 05002.
• 32. Dash S., Kalamdhad A.S. 2021. Hydrochemical dynamics of water quality for irrigation use and introducing a new water quality index incorporating multivariate statistics. Environmental Earth Sciences, 80(3), 73.
• 33. Dosu B., Hanrahan M. 2021. Barriers to drinking water security in Rural Ghana : The vulnerability of people with disabilities. Water Alternatives, 14(2), 453–468.
• 34. Doubi M., Mizeb K., Erramli H., Dermaj A., Touir R. 2021. Contribution of physicochemical analysis and hydrochemical characterization of groundwater of Beni Amer (Tadla basin, Morocco).
• 35. Doubi M., Nimour A., Dermaj A., Aboulouafa M., Touir R., Erramli H. 2021. Physicochemical analysis of ground water quality, hydrochemical characterization of the doukkala plain, Morocco. Oriental Journal of Chemistry, 37(2), 354.
• 36. Elgettafi M., Karroum M., Elmandour A., Himi M., Casas A. 2016. Gravimetry Contribution to the Study of the Bahira Aquifer (Morocco)-Hydrogeological Implication, 1, 495.
• 37. Erickson M.L., Yager R.M., Kauffman L.J., Wilson J.T. 2019. Drinking water quality in the glacial aquifer system, northern USA. Science of the Total Environment, 694, 133735.
• 38. Ghavidelfar S., Shamseldin A.Y., Melville B.W. 2017. A multi-scale analysis of single-unit housing water demand through integration of water consumption, land use and demographic data. Water Resources Management, 31(7), 2173–2186.
• 39. Hounsinou P.S., Mama D., Tchibozo M.A.D., Boukari M., Sohounhloue D. 2015. Microbiological pollution indication as tracer for the pollution of well water : The example of the district of Abomey-Calavi (Benin). Journal of Environmental Protection, 6(4), 290.
• 40. Hounsinou P.S., Mama D., Tchibozo M.A.D., Boukari M., Sohounhloue D. 2015. Microbiological pollution indication as tracer for the pollution of well water: the example of the district of Abomey-Calavi (Benin). Journal of Environmental Protection, 6(04), 290.
• 41. Kanga I.S., Naimi M., Chikhaoui M. 2020. Groundwater quality assessment using water quality index and geographic information system based in Sebou River Basin in the North-West region of Morocco. International Journal of Energy and Water Resources, 4(4), 347–355.
• 42. Khan S.U., Asif M., Alam F., Khan N.A., Farooqi I.H. 2020. Optimizing fluoride removal and energy consumption in a batch reactor using electrocoagulation: a smart treatment technology, 767–778.
• 43. Ouatiki H. 2021. Large scale remote sensing spatial rainfall data for water resources monitoring and modeling over the oum er-rbia river basin.
• 44. Ouhakki H., El Fallah K., El Mejdoub N. 2024. Spatiotemporal interpolation of water quality index and nitrates using ArcGIS pro for surface water quality modeling in the Oum Er-Rabia Watershed. Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology, 25(5), 312–323.
• 45. Rad Fard M., Seif M., Hashemi A.H.G., Zarei A., Saghi M.H., Shalyari N., Morovati R., Heidarinejad Z., Samaei M.R. 2019. Protocol for the estimation of drinking water quality index (DWQI) in water resources: Artificial neural network (ANFIS) and Arc-Gis. MethodsX, 6, 1021–1029.
• 46. Rao Q., Qiu Y., Li J. 2019. Water quality assessment and variation trends analysis of the min river sea-entry section, China. Water, Air, Soil Pollution, 230, 1–11.
• 47. Shams M., Mohamadi A., Sajadi S.A. 2012. Evaluation of corrosion and scaling potential of water in rural water supply distribution networks of Tabas, Iran. World Application Sciences Journal, 17(11), 1484–1489.
• 48. Giao T.N., Anh K.P., Nhien T.H.H. 2021. Spatio-temporal analysis of surface water quality in Dong Thap province, Vietnam using water quality index and statistical approaches. Water, 13(3), 336.
• 49. Wang X., Xu Y.J., Zhang L. 2022. Watershed scale spatiotemporal nitrogen transport and source tracing using dual isotopes among surface water, sediments and groundwater in the Yiluo River Watershed, Middle of China. Science of the Total Environment, 833, 155180.
• 50. Yadav A.K., Khan P., Sharma S.K. 2010. Water quality index assessment of Groundwater in Toda-raisingh tehsil of Rajasthan state, India-a greener approach. Journal of Chemistry, 7, 428–S432.