Potentially Toxic Elements in Urban and Peri-Urban Soils–A Critical Meta-Analysis of their Sources, Availability, Interactions, and Spatial Distribution

• Autorzy: Golia Evangelia E. , Bethanis John , Xagoraris Christos , Tziourrou Pavlos

Identyfikatory

DOI

10.12911/22998993/186662

• Języki publikacji: EN

Abstrakty

EN

The current study attempted to incorporate the major aspects of heavy metal pollution in urban and peri-urban soils. Urban soils are a type of currently problematic soil that accumulates a great quantity and diversity of pollutants, a high population load, and a wide range of activities within a very limited area. From 2010 to the present, published studies in the Scopus database on urban soil contamination in various places across the world were studied, evaluated, and discussed. The pollutant levels were statistically processed, and new data were obtained as a consequence of a meta-analysis of the soil contamination and ecological risk indices of the research locations. The soil environment links plants, animals, and humans, as well as living creatures and inanimate substances transported to water and to the air environment. Activities in the soil have as a final destination groundwater, recycling, and reproducing pollutants and chemicals, with heavy metals or potential toxic elements as the major actors. Soil-based urban pollution is of particular concern in soil science as it may be a rising risk for the environment and humanity in the near future.

Słowa kluczowe

EN

urban soils; soil pollution; heavy metals; potentially toxic elements

• Wydawca: Polskie Towarzystwo Inżynierii Ekologicznej ; Lublin University of Technology
• Czasopismo: Journal of Ecological Engineering
• Rocznik: 2024
• Tom: Vol. 25, nr 5
• Strony: 335--350
• Opis fizyczny: Bibliogr. 96 poz., rys., tab.

Twórcy

autor

Golia Evangelia E.

• Soil Science Laboratory, School of Agriculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Environment, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University campus, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece

• https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1932-3881

autor

Bethanis John

• Soil Science Laboratory, School of Agriculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Environment, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University campus, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece

autor

Xagoraris Christos

• Soil Science Laboratory, School of Agriculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Environment, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University campus, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece

autor

Tziourrou Pavlos

• Soil Science Laboratory, School of Agriculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Environment, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University campus, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece

Bibliografia

• 1. ATSDR. 2015. Principles of toxicology. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp200.pdf
• 2. Ajmone-Marsan F., Biasioli M. 2010. Trace elements in soils of urban areas. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 213, 121-143.
• 3. Akinsete S.J., Olatimehin A.D. 2023. Priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and heavy metals in urban roadside soils of heavy-traffic density areas in Ibadan, Nigeria: Levels, Sources and Health Risk Assessment. Environmental Forensics, 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1080/15275922.2023.2172092
• 4. Argyraki A., Kelepertzis E. 2014. Urban soil geochemistry in Athens, Greece: the importance of local geology in controlling the distribution of potentially harmful trace elements. Science of the Total Environment, 482, 366-377.
• 5. Argyraki A., Kelepertzis E., Botsou F., Paraskevopoulou V., Katsikis I., Trigoni M. 2018. Environmental availability of trace elements (Pb, Cd, Zn, Cu) in soil from urban, suburban, rural and mining areas of Attica, Hellas. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 187, 201-213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gexplo.2017.09.004.
• 6. Aslanidis P.S.C., Golia E.E. 2022. Urban sustainability at risk due to soil pollution by heavy metals – case study: Volos, Greece. Land, 11(7), 1016 https://doi.org/10.3390/land11071016.
• 7. Baran H.A., Kiral N.G. 2023. Assessment of heavy metal pollution of urban soils of Batman by multiple pollution indices. International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, 103(12), 2809-2826.
• 8. Benhaddya M.L., Hadjel M. 2014. Spatial distribution and contamination assessment of heavy metals in surface soils of Hassi Messaoud, Algeria. Environmental Earth Sciences, 71, 1473-1486. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-013-2552-3
• 9. Botsou F., Sungur A., Kelepertzis E., Kypritidou Z., Daferera O., Massas I., Argyraki A., Skordas K., Soylak M. 2022. Estimating remobilization of potentially toxic elements in soil and road dust of an industrialized urban environment. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 194(8), 526. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-022-10200-x
• 10. Bourliva A., Aidona E., Papadopoulou L., da Silva E.F., Patinha C., Sarafidis C., Kantiranis N. 2022. An integrated approach combining magnetic, geochemical and particle-based techniques to assess metal (loid) loadings in urban venues frequented by children. Science of The Total Environment, 822, 153600. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153600.
• 11. Bourliva A., Christophoridis C., Papadopoulou L., Giouri K., Papadopoulos A., Mitsika E., Fytianos K. 2017. Characterization, heavy metal content and health risk assessment of urban road dusts from the historic center of the city of Thessaloniki, Greece. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 39, 611-634. doi:10.1007/s10653-016-9836-y.
• 12. Bradl H., Kim C., Kramar U., Stüben D. 2005. Interactions of heavy metals. In: Interface Science and Technology, Vol. 6, pp. 28-164. Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1573-4285(05)80021-3
• 13. Cai Q.Y., Mo C.H., Li H.Q., Lü H., Zeng Q.Y., Li Y.W., Wu X.L. 2013. Heavy metal contamination of urban soils and dusts in Guangzhou, South China. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 185, 1095-1106.
• 14. Chen H., Teng Y., Chen R., Li J., Wang J. 2016. Contamination characteristics and source apportionment of trace metals in soils around Miyun Reservoir. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 23, 15331-15342. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-6694-1
• 15. Chen H., Teng Y., Chen R., Li J., Wang J. 2016. Contamination characteristics and source apportionment of trace metals in soils around Miyun Reservoir. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 23, 15331-15342.
• 16. Chen X., Lu X. 2018. Contamination characteristics and source apportionment of heavy metals in topsoil from an area in Xi’an city, China. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 151, 153-160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.01.010
• 17. De Miguel E., Iribarren I., Chacon E., Ordonez A., Charlesworth S. 2007. Risk-based evaluation of the exposure of children to trace elements in playgrounds in Madrid (Spain). Chemosphere, 66(3), 505-513.
• 18. Díaz Rizo O., Fonticiella Morell D., Arado López J. O., Borrell Munoz J.L., D ‘Alessandro Rodríguez K., López Pino N. 2013. Spatial distribution and contamination assessment of heavy metals in urban topsoils from Las Tunas City, Cuba. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 91, 29-35. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-013-1020-9
• 19. Dutta A., Patra A., Ghosh S., Rakshit A. 2022. Urban Soil: A Review on Historical Perspective. Soils in Urban Ecosystem, 3-10. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-8914-7_1
• 20. Foti L., Dubs F., Gignoux J., Lata J.-C., Lerch T.Z., Mathieu J., Nold F., Nunan N., Raynaud X., Abbadie L., Barot S. 2017. Trace element concentrations along a gradient of urban pressure in forest and lawn soils of the Paris region (France). Science of the Total Environment, 598, 938-948. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.04.111
• 21. Golia E.E. 2023. The impact of heavy metal contamination on soil quality and plant nutrition. Sustainable management of moderate contaminated agricultural and urban soils, using low cost materials and promoting circular economy. Sustainable Chemistry and Pharmacy, 33, 101046. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scp.2023.101046
• 22. Golia E.E., & Diakoloukas V. 2022. Soil parameters affecting the levels of potentially harmful metals in Thessaly area, Greece: a robust quadratic regression approach of soil pollution prediction. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29(20), 2954429561. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-14673-0
• 23. Golia E.E., Angelaki A., Giannoulis K.D., Skoufogianni E., Bartzialis D., Cavalaris C., Vleioras S. 2021a. Evaluation of soil properties, irrigation and solid waste application levels on Cu and Zn uptake by industrial hemp. Agronomy Research, 19(1), 9299. DOI 10.15159/AR.21.016
• 24. Golia E.E., Emmanouil C., Charizani A., Koropouli A., Kungolos A. 2023. Assessment of Cu and Zn contamination and associated human health risks in urban soils from public green spaces in the city of Thessaloniki, Northern Greece. Euro-Mediterranean Journal for Environmental Integration, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41207-023-00391-1
• 25. Golia E.E., Papadimou S.G., Cavalaris C., Tsiropoulos N.G. 2021b. Level of contamination assessment of potentially toxic elements in the urban soils of Volos City (Central Greece). Sustainability, 13(4), 2029. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13042029
• 26. Gong M., Wu L., Bi X.Y., Ren L.M., Wang L., Ma Z.D., Bao Z-Y., Li Z.G. 2010. Assessing heavymetal contamination and sources by GIS-based approach and multivariate analysis of urban–rural topsoils in Wuhan, central China. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 32, 59-72. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-009-9265-2
• 27. Gu Y.G., Gao Y.P., Lin Q. 2016. Contamination, bioaccessibility and human health risk of heavy metals in exposed-lawn soils from 28 urban parks in southern China’s largest city, Guangzhou. Applied Geochemistry, 67, 52-58.
• 28. Guagliardi I., Cicchella D., De Rosa R. 2012. A geostatistical approach to assess concentration and spatial distribution of heavy metals in urban soils. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 223, 5983-5998. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-012-1333-z
• 29. Guagliardi I., Cicchella D., De Rosa R., Buttafuoco G. 2015. Assessment of lead pollution in topsoils of a southern Italy area: Analysis of urban and periurban environment. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 33, 179-187.
• 30. Guillén M.T., Delgado J., Albanese S., Nieto J.M., Lima A., De Vivo B. 2012. Heavy metals fractionation and multivariate statistical techniques to evaluate the environmental risk in soils of Huelva Township (SW Iberian Peninsula). Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 119, 32-43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gexplo.2012.06.009
• 31. Guo G., Wu F., Xie F., Zhang R. 2012. Spatial distribution and pollution assessment of heavy metals in urban soils from southwest China. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 24(3), 410-418. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1001-0742(11)60762-6.
• 32. Guven E.D. 2019. Heavy metal contamination in street dusts and soils under different land uses in a major river basin in an urbanized zone of Aegean region, Turkey. Journal of Environmental Health Science and Engineering, 17, 917-930. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40201-019-00408-4
• 33. He Y., Peng C., Zhang Y., Guo Z., Xiao X., Kong L. 2023. Comparison of heavy metals in urban soil and dust in cities of China: Characteristics and health risks. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 20(2), 2247-2258. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-022-04051-9
• 34. Hoshyari E., Hassanzadeh N., Keshavarzi B., Jaafarzadeh N., Rezaei M. 2023. Spatial distribution, source apportionment, and ecological risk assessment of elements (PTEs, REEs, and ENs) in the surface soil of shiraz city (Iran) under different landuse types. Chemosphere, 311, 137045.
• 35. Jamal A., Delavar M.A., Naderi A., Nourieh N., Medi B., Mahvi A.H. 2018. Distribution and health risk assessment of heavy metals in soil surrounding a lead and zinc smelting plant in Zanjan, Iran. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, 25(4), 1018-1033. DOI: 10.1080/10807039.2018.1460191
• 36. Jayasiri H.B., Vennila A., Purushothaman C.S. 2014. Spatial and temporal variability of metals in inter-tidal beach sediment of Mumbai, India. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 186, 1101-1111.
• 37. Johnson C.C., Demetriades A. 2011. Urban geochemical mapping: A review of case studies in this volume. In: Mapping the Chemical Environment of Urban Areas. C.C. Johnson, A. Demetriades, J. Locutura and R.T. Ottesen (Eds.). https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470670071.ch2
• 38. Kalyvas G., Gasparatos D., Papassiopi N., Massas I. 2018. Topsoil pollution as ecological footprint of historical mining activities in Greece. Land Degradation & Development, 29(6), 2025-2035. https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.2963
• 39. Kannan G., Roy, P.D., Sundar S., Usha T., Gowrappan M., V, P.K., Periyasamy R., Chokkalingam, L. 2023. Pollution assessment with respect to five heavy metals in urban soils of the greater Chennai region, Southeast Coast of India. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 234(2), 63. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-022-06031-8
• 40. Karim Z., Qureshi B.A., Mumtaz M. 2015. Geochemical baseline determination and pollution assessment of heavy metals in urban soils of Karachi, Pakistan. Ecological Indicators, 48, 358 -364. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2014.08.032.
• 41. Kelepertzis E., Argyraki A. 2015. Mercury in the urban topsoil of Athens, Greece. Sustainability, 7(4), 4049-4062. https://doi.org/10.3390/su7044049
• 42. Kelepertzis, E. Argyraki A., Chrastný V., Botsou F., Skordas K., Komárek M., Fouskas A. 2020. Metal (loid) and isotopic tracing of Pb in soils, road and house dusts from the industrial area of Volos (central Greece). Science of the Total Environment, 725, 138300. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138300.
• 43. Keramari V., Karastogianni S., Girousi S. 2023. New prospects in the electroanalysis of heavy metal ions (Cd, Pb, Zn, Cu): Development and application of novel electrode surfaces. Methods and Protocols, 6(4), 60 https://doi.org/10.3390/mps6040060
• 44. Kırıs E., Baltas H. 2021. Assessing pollution levels and health effects of heavy metals in sediments around Cayeli copper mine area, Rize, Turkey. Environmental Forensics, 22(3-4), 372-384. https://doi.org/10.1080/15275922.2020.1850572
• 45. Kosheleva N.E., Vlasov D.V., Korlyakov I.D., Kasimov N.S. 2018. Сontamination of urban soils with heavy metals in Moscow as affected by building development. Science of the Total Environment, 636, 854-863. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.04.308
• 46. Kourgia P.M., Argyraki A., Paraskevopoulou V., Botsou F., Kelepertzis E., Dassenakis M. 2022. Environmental fate of trace elements in depositional sediments after flashflood events: The case of Mandra town in Greece. Sustainability, 14(4), 2448. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14042448
• 47. Li F.J., Yang H.W., Ayyamperumal R., Liu, Y. 2022. Pollution, sources, and human health risk assessment of heavy metals in urban areas around industrialization and urbanization-Northwest China. Chemosphere, 308, 136396. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136396
• 48. Li G., Sun G.X., Ren Y., Luo X.S., Zhu Y.G. 2018. Urban soil and human health: a review. European Journal of Soil Science, 69(1), 196-215.
• 49. Li X., Liu L., Wang Y., Luo G., Chen X., Yang X., Hall M.H.P., Guo, R., Wang H., Cui J., He X. 2013. Heavy metal contamination of urban soil in an old industrial city (Shenyang) in Northeast China. Geoderma, 192, 50-58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2012.08.011
• 50. Li Y., Ye Z., Yu Y., Li Y., Jiang J., Wang L., Wang G., Zhang H., Li N., Xie X., Cheng X., Liu K., Liu M. 2023. A combined method for human health risk area identification of heavy metals in urban environments. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 449, 131067.
• 51. Liu L., Liu Q., Ma J., Wu H., Qu Y., Gong Y., Yang S., An Y., Zhou Y. 2020. Heavy metal (loid) s in the topsoil of urban parks in Beijing, China: Concentrations, potential sources, and risk assessment. Environmental Pollution, 260, 114083. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114083.
• 52. Liu R., Wang M., Chen W., Peng C. 2016. Spatial pattern of heavy metals accumulation risk in urban soils of Beijing and its influencing factors. Environmental Pollution, 210, 174-181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2015.11.044
• 53. Long Z., Zhu H., Bing H., Tian X., Wang Z., Wang X., Wu Y. 2021. Contamination, sources and health risk of heavy metals in soil and dust from different functional areas in an industrial city of Panzhihua City, Southwest China. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 420, 126638. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126638.
• 54. Lu S.G., Bai S.Q. 2010. Contamination and potential mobility assessment of heavy metals in urban soils of Hangzhou, China: relationship with different land uses. Environmental Earth Sciences, 60, 1481-1490. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-009-0283-2
• 55. Ma L., Yang Z., Li, L., Wang L. 2016. Source identif ication and risk assessment of heavy metal contaminations in urban soils of Changsha, a mine-impacted city in Southern China. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 23, 17058-17066. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-6890-z
• 56. Martini A.N., Papafotiou M., Massas I., Chorianopoulou N. 2023. Growing of the Cretan therapeutic herb origanum dictamnus in the urban fabric: the effect of substrate and cultivation site on plant growth and potential toxic element accumulation. Plants, 12(2), 336. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12020336
• 57. Massas I., Ehaliotis C., Kalivas D., Panagopoulou G. 2010. Concentrations and availability indicators of soil heavy metals; the case of children’s playgrounds in the city of Athens (Greece). Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 212, 51-63. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-009-0321-4
• 58. Massas I., Kalivas D., Ehaliotis C., Gasparatos D. 2013. Total and available heavy metal concentrations in soils of the Thriassio plain (Greece) and assessment of soil pollution indexes. Environmental monitoring and assessment, 185, 6751-6766.
• 59. Mehr M.R., Keshavarzi B., Moore F., Sharifi R., Lahijanzadeh A., Kermani M. 2017. Distribution, source identification and health risk assessment of soil heavy metals in urban areas of Isfahan province, Iran. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 132, 16-26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2017.04.026.
• 60. Mihailović A., Budinski-Petković L., Popov S., Ninkov J., Vasin J., Ralević N.M., Vasić M.V. 2015. Spatial distribution of metals in urban soil of Novi Sad, Serbia: GIS based approach. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 150, 104-114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gexplo.2014.12.017.
• 61. Ordóñez A., Álvarez R., De Miguel E., Charlesworth S. 2015. Spatial and temporal variations of trace element distribution in soils and street dust of an industrial town in NW Spain: 15 years of study. Science of the Total Environment, 524, 93-103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.04.024
• 62. Papadimou S.G., Kantzou O.D., Chartodiplomenou M.A., Golia E.E. 2023. Urban soil pollution by heavy metals: effect of the lockdown during the period of COVID-19 on pollutant levels over a fiveyear study. Soil Systems, 7(1), 28.
• 63. Papadopoulou-Vrynioti K., Alexakis D., Bathrellos G.D., Skilodimou H.D., Vryniotis D., Vassiliades E. 2014. Environmental research and evaluation of agricultural soil of the Arta plain, western Hellas. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 136, 84-92.
• 64. Petrik A., Thiombane M., Albanese S., Lima A., De Vivo, B. 2018. Source patterns of Zn, Pb, Cr and Ni potentially toxic elements (PTEs) through a compositional discrimination analysis: A case study on the Campanian topsoil data. Geoderma, 331, 87-99.
• 65. Petrini R., Ghezzi L., Arrighi S., Genovesi L., Frassi C., Pandolfi L. 2022. Trace elements in soil and urban groundwater in an area impacted by metallurgical activity: health risk assessment in the historical Barga Municipality (Tuscany, Italy). International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(20), 13419. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192013419
• 66. Pietrelli L., Menegoni P., Papetti P. 2022. Bioaccumulation of heavy metals by herbaceous species grown in urban and rural sites. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 233(4), 141. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-022-05577-x
• 67. Polyakov V., Kozlov A., Suleymanov A., Abakumov E. 2021. Soil pollution status of urban soils in St. Petersburg city, North-west of Russia. Soil and Water Research, 16(3), 164-173.
• 68. Pouyat R.V., Page-Dumroese D.S., Patel-Weynand T., Geiser, L.H. 2020. Forest and rangeland soils of the United States under changing conditions: a comprehensive science synthesis (p. 289). Springer Nature. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45216-2
• 69. Qiao P., Wang S., Lei M., Guo G., Yang J., Wei Y., Li P., Gou Y., Zhang Z. 2023. Influencing factors identification and the nested structure analysis of heavy metals in soils in entire city and surrounding the multiple pollution sources. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 449, 130961. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.130961
• 70. Qing X., Yutong Z., Shenggao L. 2015. Assessment of heavy metal pollution and human health risk in urban soils of steel industrial city (Anshan), Liaoning, Northeast China. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 120, 377-385. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2015.06.019
• 71. Roje V., Orešković M., Rončević J., Bakšić D., Pernar N., Perković I. 2018. Assessment of the trace element distribution in soils in the parks of the city of Zagreb (Croatia). Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 190, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-018-6487-8
• 72. Rouhani A., Makki M., Hejcman M., Shirzad R., Gusiatin M.Z. 2023. Risk assessment and spatial distribution of heavy metals with an emphasis on antimony (Sb) in urban soil in Bojnourd, Iran. Sustainability, 15(4), 3495. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15043495
• 73. Roy P.D., Sundar S., Usha T., Gowrappan M., V, P.K., Periyasamy R., Jonathan M.P., Chokkalingam L. 2023. Pollution assessment with respect to five heavy metals in urban soils of the greater chennai region, southeast coast of India. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 234(2), 63. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-022-06031-8
• 74. Said I., Salman S.A.E.R., Samy Y., Awad S.A., Melegy A., Hursthouse A.S. 2019. Environmental factors controlling potentially toxic element behaviour in urban soils, El Tebbin, Egypt. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 191, 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-019-7388-1
• 75. Serrani D., Ajmone-Marsan F., Corti G., Cocco S., Cardelli V., Adamo P. 2022. Heavy metal load and effects on biochemical properties in urban soils of a medium-sized city, Ancona, Italy. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 1-25. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-021-01105-8
• 76. Shen Y.S., Lung S.C.C., Cui S. 2022. Exploring multiple pathways and mediation effects of urban environmental factors for suicide prevention. Environmental Pollution, 294, 118642. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118642.
• 77. Silva H.F., Silva N.F., Oliveira C.M., Matos M.J. 2021. Heavy metals contamination of urban soils—A decade study in the city of lisbon, portugal. Soil Systems, 5(2), 27. https://doi.org/10.3390/soilsystems5020027
• 78. Soleymani S., Javan S., Naimabadi A. 2022. Heavy metal concentrations and health risk assessment in urban soils of Neyshabur, Iran. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 194(3), 218. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-021-09724-5
• 79. Sparks D.L., Singh B., Siebecker M.G. 2022. Environmental soil chemistry, Elsevier.
• 80. Stafilov T., Šajn R., Blaževska R., Tănăselia C. 2022. Assessment of natural and anthropogenic factors on the distribution of chemical elements in soil from the Skopje region, North Macedonia. Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A, 57(5), 357-375. https://doi.org/10.1080/10934529.2022.2067444
• 81. Świdwa-Urbańska J., Batlle-Sales J. 2021. Data quality oriented procedure, for detailed mapping of heavy metals in urban topsoil as an approach to human health risk assessment. Journal of Environmental Management, 295, 113019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113019.
• 82. Tepanosyan G., Sahakyan L., Belyaeva O., Maghakyan N., Saghatelyan A. 2017. Human health risk assessment and riskiest heavy metal origin identification in urban soils of Yerevan, Armenia. Chemosphere, 184, 1230-1240. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.06.108
• 83. Tresch S., Moretti M., Le Bayon R. C., Mäder P., Zanetta A., Frey D., Stehle B., Kuhn A., Munyangabe A., Fliessbach A. 2018. Urban soil quality assessment – a comprehensive case study dataset of urban garden soils. Frontiers in Environmental Science, 6, 136. doi: 10.3389/fenvs.2018.00136
• 84. Tsamos P., Kolias P., Lambropoulou D., Noli F. 2022. Distribution and temporal variability of uranium and toxic metal (loid) s in snow and rainwater from an oil industry and urban area in Thessaloniki-Greece. Science of The Total Environment, 838, 155604. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155604
• 85. United Nations 2014. World Urbanization Prospects: The 2014 Revision, Highlights (ST/ESA/SER.A/352). Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, United Nations, New York.
• 86. USEPA. 2013. Mercury. Retrieved from https:// www.epa.gov/mercury
• 87. USEPA. 2000. Bioaccumulation testing and interpretation for the purpose of sediment quality assessment: status and needs (Vol. 2). Bioaccumulation Analysis Workgroup. US Environmental Protection Agency.
• 88. Urrutia-Goyes R., Argyraki A., Ornelas-Soto N. 2017. Assessing lead, nickel, and zinc pollution in topsoil from a historic shooting range rehabilitated into a public urban park. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 14(7), 698. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14070698
• 89. USEPA. 1989 Risk assessment guidance for superfund volume I human health evaluation manual (Part A). Office of Emergency and Remedial Response, Washington, DC, pp 640 – 644.
• 90. Vural H., Akbana A., Meral A. 2021. The effect of heavy metal pollution on urban ecosystem and the evaluation of different land classifications; in Bingöl city/Turkey. Management of Environmental Quality: An International Journal, 32(5), 886-901. https://doi.org/10.1108/MEQ-09-2020-0193
• 91. Weber C.J., Santowski A., Chifflard P. 2021. Spatial variability in heavy metal concentration in urban pavement joints–a case study. Soil, 7(1), 15-31. https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-7-15-2021
• 92. Xia X., Chen X., Liu R., Liu H. 2011. Heavy metals in urban soils with various types of land use in Beijing, China. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 186(2-3), 2043-2050. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.12.104.
• 93. Yang Z., Lu W., Long Y., Bao X., Yang Q. 2011. Assessment of heavy metals contamination in urban topsoil from Changchun City, China, Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 108, 1, 27-38, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gexplo.2010.09.006.
• 94. Ying L., Shaogang L., Xiaoyang C. 2016. Assessment of heavy metal pollution and human health risk in urban soils of a coal mining city in East China. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, 22(6), 1359-1374. https://doi.org/10.1080/10807039.2016.1174924
• 95. Yu S., Li X. D. 2012. The mobility, bioavailability, and human bioaccessibility of trace metals in urban soils of Hong Kong. Applied geochemistry, 27(5), 995-1004.
• 96. Zheng F., Guo X., Tang M., Zhu D., Wang H., Yang X., Chen B. 2023. Variation in pollution status, sources, and risks of soil heavy metals in regions with different levels of urbanization. Science of The Total Environment, 866, 161355. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.161355.