Study into the Effectiveness of Using Activated Carbon of Kluwak Shell (Pangium Edule Reinw) as Adsorbent of Heavy Metals in Wastewater

• Autorzy: Rusma Yuyun Sukawati , Taba Paulina , Fauziah St , Zakir Muhammad , Samawi Farid , Assegaf Alimuddin Hamzah

Identyfikatory

DOI

10.12912/27197050/190359

• Języki publikacji: EN

Abstrakty

EN

The purpose of this study is to determine how well activated carbon made from kluwak shell (Pangium edule Reinw) works as an adsorbent to remove Pb(II) and Cu(II) heavy metal ions from wastewater used in laboratories. Kluwak shell was selected as an agricultural waste material due to its high carbon content, which makes it a promising material for activated carbon that can lower Pb(II) and Cu(II) heavy metal levels. Finding the ideal contact time, pH, and adsorption capacity as well as the kinetics and adsorption isotherm model are the main goals of this study. Using 25% KOH for carbonization and chemical activation, Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and Surface Area Analyzer (SAA) for characterization are some of the research methods used. FTIR results showed the presence of O-H, C-H, C = C and C-O functional groups, while SEM showed more open pores after activation. SAA analysis indicated an activated carbon surface area of 3.11 m²/g, pore volume of 0.006 cm³/g, and pore diameter of 4.08 nm, categorized as mesoporous. The optimum condition for adsorption of Pb(II) ions is at pH 5 with contact time of 10 minutes and adsorption capacity of 21.83 mg/g. As for Cu(II) ions, the optimum condition is at pH 4 with a contact time of 20 minutes and adsorption capacity of 10.82 mg/g. The adsorption of metal ions is in accordance with the Langmuir isotherm model and pseudo second-order kinetics. The adsorption effectiveness of Pb(II) and Cu(II) ions from laboratory wastewater was 1.69 mg/g and 1.73 mg/g. It is concluded that activated kluwak shell can be used as Pb(II) and Cu(II) metal adsorbent.

Słowa kluczowe

EN

adsorption; Pb(II); Cu(II); laboratory wastewater; kluwak shell

• Wydawca: Lubelski Oddział Polskiego Towarzystwo Inżynierii Ekologicznej ; Lublin University of Technology ; WNGB Wydawnictwo Naukowe
• Czasopismo: Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology
• Rocznik: 2024
• Tom: Vol. 25, iss. 9
• Strony: 99--108
• Opis fizyczny: Bibliogr. 51 poz., rys., tab.

Twórcy

autor

Rusma Yuyun Sukawati

• Department of Environmental Management, Graduate School, Hasanuddin University, Makassar 90245, Indonesia

• https://orcid.org/0009-0000-8194-3374

autor

Taba Paulina

• Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Hasanuddin University, Makassar 90245, Indonesia

• https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7327-5505

autor

Fauziah St

• Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Hasanuddin University, Makassar 90245, Indonesia

• https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0599-4011

autor

Zakir Muhammad

• Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Hasanuddin University, Makassar 90245, Indonesia

• https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2141-5681

autor

Samawi Farid

• Department of Environmental Management, Graduate School, Hasanuddin University, Makassar 90245, Indonesia

• https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3483-7795

autor

Assegaf Alimuddin Hamzah

• Department of Geophysics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Hasanuddin University, Makassar 90245, Indonesia

• https://orcid.org/0009-0009-3995-9925

Bibliografia

• 1. Abbou B., Lebkiri I., Ouaddari H., Kadiri L., Ouass A., Habssaoui A., Lebkiri A., and Rifi E.H. 2021. Removal of Cd(II), Cu(II) and Pb(II) by adsorption onto natural clay: a kinetic and thermodynamic study. Turkish Journal of Chemistry, 45(2), 362– 376. https://doi.org/10.3906/kim-2004-82
• 2. Adeyemo A.A., Adeoye I.O., and Bello O.S. 2017. Adsorption of dyes using different types of clay: a review. In Applied Water Science, 7(2), 543–568. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-015-0322-y
• 3. Adhar A.M., Zainal I.A.N.P., Farham, Idris I.A., Setiawati H., and Yuliani HR. 2022. Characteristics of kluwak shell (Pangium edule) activated carbon as adsorbent in methylene blue adsorption. Journal of Environmental Pollution Control (JPPL), 4(1), 1–6.
• 4. Adriansyah R., Restiasih E.N., and Meileza N. 2018. Biosorption of Cu(II) and Cr(II) heavy metal ions using terxanthated coffee bark biosorbent. Journal of Chemical Education and Science, 2(2), 114–121
• 5. Alcaraz L., Fernandez A.L., Diaz I.G., and Lopez F.A. 2018. Preparation and characterization of activated carbons from winemarking wastes and their adsorption of methylene blue. Adsorption Sciemce & Technology, 0(0), 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0263617418770295
• 6. Aguilera A., Cortes J.L., Delgado C., Aguilar Y., Aguilar D., Cejudo R., Quintana P., Goguitchaichvili A., and Bautista F. 2022. Heavy metal contamination (Cu, Pb, Zn, Fe, and Mn) in urban dust and its possible ecological and human health risk in Mexican Cities. Frontiers in Environmental Science, 10, https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2022.854460
• 7. Allwar. 2016. Preparation and characteristics of activated carbon from oil palm shell for removal of iron and copper from patchouli oil. International Journal of Applied Chemistry, 12(3), 183–192.
• 8. Aminah S., Said I., Ningsih P., and Alfiana A. 2022. Optimum conditions for bioadsorption of lead (Pb) by durian skin waste biomass (durionbzibethinus). IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 1075, 012021.
• 9. Anisa R.W.R., Fahruddin., and Taba P. 2024. Removal of divalent copper ions from aqueous solution using Sorghum bicolor L. stem waste as an effective adsorbent. Journal of Ecological Engineering, 25(5), 165–174 https://doi.org/10.12911/22998993/185771
• 10. Anggriani U.M., Hasan A., and Purnamasari I. 2021. Kinetics of activated carbon adsorption in reducing copper (Cu) and lead (Pb) metal concentrations. Journal of Kinetics, 12(2), 29–37.
• 11. Audiana M., Apriani I., and Kadaria U. 2017. Processing environmental engineering laboratory liquid waste with coagulation and adsorption to reduce COD, Fe, and Pb. Journal of Wetland Environmental Technology, 5(1), 1–10.
• 12. Chaemiso T.D., and Nefo T. 2019. Removal methods of heavy metals from laboratory wastewater. Journal of Natural Science Research, 9(2), 36–42
• 13. Ermadani, Viviani A., Yasdi, Yanopa S., Suryanto, Arsyad A., and Sarman. 2023. The use of activated charcoal from corn cobs as adsorbent of heavy metals from groundwater. Brazilian Journal of Biosystems Engineering 17 1191, https://doi.org/10.18011/bioeng.2023.v17.1191
• 14. Faisal and Pato U. 2021. Study of potassium hydroxide (KOH) concentration on the quality of kluwak shell active carbon. JOM FAPERTA, 8(2), 1–13
• 15. Filaeli A., Siswani E.D., Kristianingrum S., Sulistyani and Pratiwi A.D. 2019. Multilogam adsorption for the reduction of Cu, Fe, Ni and Zn levels using sea pandanus leaf activated charcoal. Journal of Basic Science, 8(2), 64–69.
• 16. Gęca M., Wiśniewska M., and Nowicki P.2022. Biochars and activated carbons as adsorbents of inorganic and organic compounds from multicomponent systems – A review. In Advances in Colloid and Interface Science, 305, Elsevier B.V. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cis.2022.102687
• 17. Hidayat Y., Nurcahyo I., Rachmawati F., Dwi N.K., and Lestari W.W. 2019. Addition of charcoal surface area and pore size charcoal character as an effort to verify charcoal products from coconut shells at CV. Solo Button. Journal of Entrepreneurship and Business, 24(1), 94–99
• 18. Isam M., Balo L., Chabuk A., Majdi A., and AlAnsari N. 2023. Optimization and modeling of Pb(II) and Cu(II) adsorption onto red algae (Gracilaria changii)-based activated carbon by using response surface methodology. Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-023-04150-8
• 19. Ishar. 2024. Effectiveness of activated carbon from Nutmeg shell (Myristica fragrans) waste as adsorbent for metal ions Pb(II_ and Cu(II) in liquid wate, Journal Nature Environment and Pollution Technology, 23(2).
• 20. Khater D., Alkhabbas M., and Alaa M.A.M. 2024. Adsorption of Pb, Cu, and Ni Ions on Activated Carbon Prepared from Oak Cupules: Kinetics and Thermodynamics Studies. Molecules, 29, 2489. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29112489
• 21. Luo Y., Zhang H., Liu Y., Zhang Z., and Deng J. 2013. Preparation and characterization of activated carbon from waste rice husk for CO2 adsorption. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 25(8), 1618–1625.
• 22. Maruni E., Nurlina., and Wahyuni N. 2022. Isothermal adsorption of Pb(II) by activated carbon with variations in concentration of sodium bicarbonate, Indonesian Journal of Pure and Applied Chemistry, 5(2), 73–79.
• 23. Mawlood I.A., Saod W.M., Al-Rawi A.S., Aljumialy A.M., and Hilal N. 2024. Characterization and use of activated carbon synthesized from sunfower seed shell in the removal of Pb(II), Cd(II), and Cr(III) ions from aqueous solution. Environ Monit Assess, 196, 364. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-024-12525-1
• 24. Melichova Z., and Hromada L. 2013. Adsorption of Pb2+ and Cu2+ Ions from Aqueous solutions on natural bentonite. Pol. J. Environ. Stud, 22(2), 457–464.
• 25. M Khairy, G., Hesham, A.M., Jahin, H.E.S., ElKorashy, S.A., Mahmoud Awad, Y. 2022. Green synthesis of a novel eco-friendly hydrochar from Pomegranate peels loaded with iron nanoparticles for the removal of copper ions and methylene blue from aqueous solutions. Journal of Molecular Liquids, 368, 120722.
• 26. Moyo M., Chikazaza L., Nyamunda B.C., and Upenyu G. 2013. Batch adsorption studies on the removal of Pb(II) using maize tassel based activated carbon. Hindawi Publishing Corporation Journal of Chemistry, https://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/508934
• 27. Muhajir A., Machdar I., and Mariana. 2021. Production of coconut shell charcoal activated carbon using a combination of chemical activation and low pressure steam methods. Journal of Industrial Research and Development, 11(2), 110–116.
• 28. Muliani S., Zakir M., and Fauziah S. 2023. Surface modification of activated carbon derived from candlenut shell (Aleurites moluccana) by HNO3 and its application as an adsorbent of methyl orange dyes. Egyptian Journal of Chemistry, 66(9), 27–36.
• 29. Noor I., Priatmadi, B., Fatmawati, and Kissinger. 2020. Application of activated charcoal from palm oil shell for cadmium (Cd) and cooper (Cu) heavy metal adsorption in acid mine drainage. Enviro Sceinteae 16(2).
• 30. Oktaviandra R.R.R., Nurlaeli P.D., and Billa, M. 2020. Utilization of kluwak shell as adsorbent in lowering copper metal level. Journal of Chemical and Process Engineering, 1(1), 41–45.
• 31. Pabbenteng, Samawi F.W., and Maming. 2020. The utility of cocoa pods husk M45 (Theobroma cocoa) as adsorbent of heavy metals, iron (Fe) and copper in the laboratory wastewater. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 473.
• 32. Pranata Putra, W., Kamari, A., Najiah Mohd Yusoff, S., Fauziah Ishak, C., Mohamed, A., Hashim, N., Md Isa, I. 2014. Biosorption of Cu(II), Pb(II) and Zn(II) ions from aqueous solutions using selected waste materials: adsorption and characterisation studies. Journal of Encapsulation and Adsorption Sciences, 4(1), 25–35.
• 33. Pehlivan A., 2017. Production and characterization of activated carbon from pomegranate pulp by phosporic acid. JOTCSA, 5(1), 1–8.
• 34. Priyadi, Iskandar, Suwardi, and Mukti, R.R. 2015. Characteristics of heavy metals adsorption of Cu, Pb and Cd using synthrtics zeolite Zsm-5. J Trop Soils, 20(2), 77–83.
• 35. Queiroz L.S., Souza L.K.C., Thomaz K.T.C., Lima E.T.L., Filho G.N.R., Nascimento L.A.S., Pires, L.H.O., Faial K.C.F., and Costa C.E.F. 2020. Activated carbon obtained from amazonian biomass tailing (Acai Seed): modification, characterization, and use for removal of metal ions from water. Journal of Environmental Management, 270.
• 36. Rahayu M.A., Qisthi Z., Wijaya D.E., Gusti D.R., and Lestari I. 2024. Adsorption of Pb(II) metal ions using H3 PO4 activated carbon from rubber fruit shell. Science and Technology Journal, 1(1), 9–20. https://orcid.org/0009-0002-7580-5738
• 37. Rahimnejad M., Pirzadeh K., Mahdavi I., and Peyghambarzadeh S.M. 2018. Pb(II) removal from aqueous solution by adsorption on activated carbon from kiwi peel. Environmental Engineering and Management Journal, 17(6), 1290–1300. http://dx.doi.org/10.30638/eemj.2018.128
• 38. Sahara E., Kartini N.P.W., and Sibarani J. 2017. Utilization of activated charcoal from gumitir plant waste (Tagetes erecta) activated with phosphoric acid as adsorbent of Pb2+ and Cu2+ ions in solution. Cakra Kimia Indonesian E-Journal of Applied Chemistry, 5(2), 67–74.
• 39. Salsabila D. 2022. Adsorbent utilizatiom of activated caron mixture kluwak shell and bentonit for the adsorption of cadmium(II) metals ions, thesis, Walisongo Islamic University.
• 40. Shirendev, N., Amgalan M.B., Aleksandr A., Gunchi, B., dan Yunden G. 2021. Cu(II), Pb(II) dan Cr(VI) Adsorption on the Modified Activated Carbon. Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Chemical Investigation and Utilization of Natural Resource (ICCIUNR-2021). Atlantis Highlights in Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2, 149–157.
• 41. Sirajuddin, Harjanto and Agustin A.D. 2020. Effect of carbonization temperature on the characteristics of activated charcoal from kluwak shell (Pangium edule). Proceedings 4th National Seminar on Research and Community Service, 978-602-60766-9-4.
• 42. Sudaryanto Y., Hartono S.B., Irawaty W., Hindarso H., and Ismadji, S. 2006. High surface area activated carbon prepared from cassava peel by chemical activation. Bioresource Technology, 97(5), 734–739.
• 43. Sukmawardani Y., and Amalia V. 2019. Chemical laboratory liquid waste treatment using electrocoagulation method. Kartika Chemistry Journal, 2(2), 100–106.
• 44. Sunarti., and Sutejo., K.T.G.P. 2021. Model effectiveness test and working mechanism of laboratory wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) using activated charcoal and coagulant Al2 (SO4)3 (Aluminum Sulfate). Journal of Laboratory Management Technology and Management (Temapela), 4(2), 35–44.
• 45. Suo C., Du K., Yuan R., Chen H., Wang F., Zhou B. 2020. Adsorption study of heavy metal ions from aqueous solution by activated carbon in single and mixed system. Desalination and Water Treatment 183, 315–324. http://dx.doi.org/10.5004/dwt.2020.25236
• 46. Tandigau S., Nafie N.L., and Budi P. 2018. Biosorption of Ni(II) Ions by arabican Coffee Fruit (Coffee arabica). Journal of Indonesian Chemical Acts (Indonesia Chimica Acta), 11(1), 211–220.
• 47. Tsai W.C., de Luna M.D.G., Bermillo-Arriesgado H.L.P., Futalan C.M., Colades J.I., and Wan M.W. 2016. Competitive fixed-bed adsorption of Pb(II), Cu(II) and Ni(II) from aqueous solution using chitosan-coated bentonite, International Journal of Polymer Science, 1–11.
• 48. geYi Z., Yao J., Zhu M., Chen H., Wang F., and Liu X. 2016. Kinetics, equilibrium, and thermodynamics investigation on the adsorption of lead(II) by coalbased activated carbon. SpringerPlus 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40064-016-2839-4
• 49. Yuliani H.R., Ranggina D., Herawati D.A., Sulham N.F., Janna M., Aisyah, Nayla, Ananda R., and Sabillah A.I.. 2024. Methylene blue adsorption utilizing kluwak shell carbon adsorbent. Journal of Chemistry and Engineering, 4(2), 58–64. https://doi.org/10.31001/jkireka.v4i2
• 50. Yuliani H.R., Abigael T., Herawati D.A., Setiawati H., Adhar A.M., Zainal I.A.N.P., and Idris I.A. 2023. KOH activator concentration study on the capacity and surface area of Kluwak carbon for methylene blue adsorption. Journal of Chemistry and Engineering, 3(2), 46–53.
• 51. Zhang L., Song Z., Zhou Y., Zhong S., Yu Y., Liu T., Gao X., Li L., Kong C., Wang X., He L., and Gan J. 2023. The accumulation of toxic elements (Pb, Hg, Cd, As, and Cu) in red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) in Qianjiang and the associated risks to human health. Toxics, 11, 635. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11070635