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The Tragedy of Smart Cities in Egypt. How the Smart City is Used towards Political and Social Ordering and Exclusion

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EN
Abstrakty
EN
Smart cities (SCs) are a new and rising phenomenon emerging across the globe. The present article focuses on the possible impact of SCs on socio-political life and structure, and the organisation of the target society. Here, SCs are critically considered as the spaces where people live, work and vote. The aim of the present article is to discuss SCs, and the digital technologies used in SCs, as a possible instrument of social and political ordering and of social exclusion. Drawing on empirical evidence from Egypt, particularly Egypt’s new capital, the article sketches out how the smart city has been used by political and military authorities to socially and politically order and engineer society as well as ef- fectively exclude certain groups, mainly political opponents. Life in the new smart capital has a Janus face. On the one hand, inhabitants of the city have access to excellent services, modern infrastructure, first-class education and health care, and high-tech digital technol- ogies which other Egyptians do not benefit from. On the other hand, these inhabitants are under permanent control and are prisoners of the system. Living segregated, with less free- dom than any other Egyptian citizens, they are excluded from natural life in the country and cannot experience any organic development of society.
Rocznik
Strony
1--10
Opis fizyczny
Bibliogr. 25 poz., tab.
Twórcy
  • Department of Politics and International Relations, Faculty of Arts, University of West Bohemia, Pilsen, Czech Republic
Bibliografia
  • 1. A. Caragliu, C. Del Bo, P. Nijkamp, “Smart cities in Europe,” Journal of Urban Technology, vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 65–82, 2011 doi: 10.1080/10630732.2011.601117.
  • 2. P. Lombardi, S. Giordano, H. Farouh, W. Yousef, “Modelling the smart city performance, Innovation,” The European Journal of Social Science Research, vol. 25, no. 2, pp. 137–149, 2012, doi: 10.1080/13511610.2012.660325.
  • 3. J. Woetzel, J. Remes, B. Boland, K. Lv, S. Sinha, G. Strube, J. Means, J. Law, A. Cadena, V. von der Tann. (2018). Smart Cities: Digital Solutions for a more Livable Future. [Online]. Available: www.mckinsey.com/capabilities/operations/our-insights/smart-cities-digital-solutions-for-a-more-livable-future. [Accessed: Sep. 26, 2022].
  • 4. M. Daly, H. Silver, “Social Exclusion and Social Capital: A Comparison and Critique,” Theory and Society, vol. 37, no. 6, pp. 537–566, 2008, doi: 10.1007/s11186-008-9062-4.
  • 5. D. Glowacka, R. Youngs, A. Pintea, E. Wolosik, “Digital technologies as a means of repression and social control,” Study for European Parliament, 2021.
  • 6. A. Vanolo, “Smart mentality: The Smart City as Disciplinary Strategy,” Urban Studies, vol. 51, no. 5, pp. 883–898, 2014, doi: 10.1016/j.giq.2016.06.004.
  • 7. R. Williams, “Whose Streets? Our Streets! 2020-21 “Smart City” Cautionary Trends and 10 Calls to Action to Protect and Promote Democracy,” Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, 2021.
  • 8. New York Times. (2022, June 21). China surveillance investigation. [Online]. Available: www.nytimes.com/2022/06/21/world/asia/china-surveillance-investigation.html. [Accessed: Sep. 26, 2022].
  • 9. M.A. Ali, “Smart city policy in developing countries: Case study of the new administrative capital in Egypt,” Journal of Public Affairs, e2774, 2021, doi: 10.1002/pa.2774.
  • 10. S.Y. Tan and A. Taeihagh, “Smart city governance in developing countries: A systematic literature review,” Sustainability, vol. 12, no. 3, p. 899, 2020, doi: 10.3390/su12030899.
  • 11. A. Tawadros. (2021, Aug. 4). Director of the Planning Ministry's demographic center. Egypt Today. [Online]. Available: https://www.egypttoday.com/Article/1/106627/Egypt%E2%80%99s-population-to-riseto-190-million-by-2050-if. [Accessed: Sep. 26, 2022].
  • 12. UNHABITAT. (2020). UNHABITAT supports Egypt on standards for creating smart cities. [Online]. Available: https://unhabitat.org/un-habitat-supports-egypt-on-standards-for-creating-smart-cities. [Accessed: Sep. 26, 2022].
  • 13. Freedom House, Egypt. Freedom in the World, 2022.
  • 14. BTI (Bertelsmann Transformation Index). (2022). Country Report, Egypt. [Online]. Available: https://btiproject.org/en/reports/country-dashboard/EGY. [Accessed: Sep. 26, 2022].
  • 15. Reuters. (2018, May 16). From war room to boardroom. Military firms flourish in Sisi’s Egypt. [Online]. Available: www.reuters.com/investigates/special-report/egypt-economy-military/. [Accessed: Sep. 26, 2022].
  • 16. New Urban Communities Authority. New Cities. [Online]. Available: http://newcities.gov.eg/english/New_Communities/default.aspx. [Accessed: Sep. 26, 2022].
  • 17. Reuters. (2021). Egypt prepares to start to move to new capital. [Online]. Available: www.reuters.com/article/us-egypt-new-capital-idUSKBN2B91X3. [Accessed: Sep. 26, 2022]
  • 18. New York Times. (2022, Oct. 8). A new capital worthy of the Pharaohs rises in Egypt, but at what price? [Online]. Available: www.nytimes.com/2022/10/08/world/middleeast/egypt-new-administrative-capital.html. [Accessed: Sep. 26, 2022].
  • 19. Human Rights Watch. (2021). Egypt: Unprecedented expansion of military courts. [Online]. Available: www.hrw.org/news/2014/11/17/egypt-unprecedented-expansion-military-courts. [Accessed: Sep. 26, 2022].
  • 20. MCIT (Ministry of Communications and Information Technology). (2022). Digital Egypt. [Online]. Available: https://mcit.gov.eg/en/Digital_Egypt. [Accessed: Sep. 26, 2022].
  • 21. Daily News Egypt. (Feb. 2, 2021). Efforts to link Egypt´s national ID system with finger-vein recognition technology. [Online]. Available: https://dailynewsegypt.com/2021/02/02/efforts-to-link-egypts-national-idsystemwith-finger-vein-recognition-technology [Accessed: Sep. 26, 2022].
  • 22. Ahram Online. (2021). 2021 Yearender: The new republic. [Online]. Available: https://english.ahram.org.eg/News/448838.aspx. [Accessed: Sep. 26, 2022].
  • 23. Daily News Egypt. (2021, Nov. 2). Egypt accelerating efforts to achieve a digital transformation become digital innovation hub. [Online]. Available: dailynewsegypt.com/2021/11/02/egypt-accelerating-efforts-toachieve-a-digital-transformation-become-digital-innovation-hub-ceo-siemens-middle-east/. [Accessed: Sep. 26, 2022].
  • 24. Daily News Egypt. (2022, June 26). Egypt starts new phase of digital services based on electronic signature. [Online]. Available: dailynewsegypt.com/2022/07/26/egypt-starts-new-phase-of-digital-servicesbased-on-electronic-signature-mcit/. [Accessed: Sep. 26, 2022].
  • 25. S. Kamel, “The potential impact of digital transformation on Egypt,” ERF Working Paper Series, no. 1488, 2021.
Uwagi
Opracowanie rekordu ze środków MEiN, umowa nr SONP/SP/546092/2022 w ramach programu "Społeczna odpowiedzialność nauki" - moduł: Popularyzacja nauki i promocja sportu (2022-2023).
Typ dokumentu
Bibliografia
Identyfikator YADDA
bwmeta1.element.baztech-63ce9c65-8f5b-47a3-ad8b-d4eac2bbfdf4
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